1. Enzymes Catalyst Activation Energy Substrates Enzyme Activity
Cofactors and Coenzymes
Enzyme Inhibition
Allosteric Activation and Inhibition
Feedback Inhibition
Effect of pH and Temperature
Application of Enzymes

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3. Enzymes are protein catalysts
Without enzymes we couldn’t survive
There are about 4000 types of enzymes in a cell

4. Digestive Enzymes

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6. Activation Energy
Enzymes bind a specific reactant (or reactants), called a substrate; in doing so, they lower the energy barrier (activation energy)
___________

7. What does a catalyst do?
Allow reactions to proceed at a faster rate by reducing the activation energy barrier - usually by ensuring that reactant molecules hit in the right orientation to break bonds.
___________

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9. Enzyme Activity
Substrate binds to the active site where its functional group interacts ……………………..
Causes the protein to change shape - ___________
This creates an ___________

10. Reactions will occur while the substrate is attached.
These chemical changes cause the enzyme to lose its affinity for the new product (the shape is now different)
___________

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13. Enzyme Inhibition
Inhibitors are molecules that bind to an enzyme and decrease its activity. ……………………..
1) Competitive Inhibition: ___________

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16. Allosteric regulation
Controls the activity of the enzyme to coordinate with cellular activity.
Some enzymes possess receptor sites called allosteric sites
___________

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18. Allosteric Inhibition
___________

19. Feedback Inhibition
Method used by cells to control metabolic pathways involving chain reactions
A product formed later in the sequence allosterically inhibits an enzyme that occurs earlier in the reaction
Decreasing the rate of reaction
___________

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21. As the concentration of the inhibitor decreases more enzymes will have open active sites - this will allow the reaction to take place.
As more ……………………..

22. pH and Temperature on Enzyme Activity
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23. Application of Enzymes
Lactose intolerance: ___________
The Lactase enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose.
People with lactose intolerance do not produce enough lactase, and therefore ……………………..

24. The lactose is then consumed by bacteria living in the gut, which leads to symptoms including nausea, cramps, and abdominal bloating.
This can be fixed by consuming commercial lactase enzymes before eating dairy products that contain lactose.

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