1. References:
Hammaker, D.K. & Knadig, T.M. with Tomlinson, S.J. (2017). Preface in Health Care Ethics and the Law. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
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2. What Is an Ethical Dilemma?
Where there are two or more valid decisions to choose from that are consistent with universal values and principles
Where neither the law nor public opinion have reached an ethical consensus that conforms to accepted values
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3. List of Ethical Dilemmas
Introduction To Health Care Ethics
The Ethics of Health Care
Values and Principles Confronting Our Health Care System
The Ethics Of Access To Health Care
Access to Affordable Health Insurance
Patients’ Rights and Responsibilities
Charitable Care and Tax-Exempt Hospitals
The Ethical Development Of Human Capital
Employers’ Health Costs
Management and Labor Relations
Improving The Quality And Equality Of Health Care
Evidence-Based Medicine
Medical Malpractice
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4. List of Ethical Dilemmas Continued
Our Health Care System’s Ethical Response To Vulnerable Members Of Society
Mental Health
The HIV/AIDS Pandemic
Environmental Safety and Gun Injury Prevention
Pressing Issues Facing Our Health Care System
Women’s Reproductive Health
Nutrition and Food Safety
End-of-Life Care
Our Future Health Care System
A New Kind of Health Care Ethics
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5. When faced with an ethical dilemma and the discussion ideas described herein:
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Take into consideration the strengths and weaknesses of the various decision-making models in considering these discussion ideas.
Determine which model is relatively better suited to assist in resolving the various ethical dilemmas.
Reach a judgment on the basis of personal reflection of universal values and principles, while recognizing that ethical decisions do not always lead to sound policy.
The greater societal context of decisions should be considered, as opposed to supporting the status quo.

6. Discussion
Having considered the preceding ethical dilemmas, you can now decide:
Whose responsibility is it to assemble the resources to pay for the health care that we will all seek over the course of our lifetimes?
How much of the cost of health care should properly rest on the individual seeking care?
Does our answer to this change depend on whether the diseases needing treatment are in the genes, are in the lifestyle, or appear to be simply accidental bad luck?
How much of the cost of health care should rest on groups of individuals, using private insurance companies as instrumentalities to voluntarily associate with one another to pool and spread risk?
And how much of the cost of health care is within the proper reach of the government, particularly for those with limited means?