1. People’s Republic of China

2. 2004-03-14 The 10th National People’s Congress
constitutional amendment
“3 represents” theory
private property right
human rights

3. Outline Center of party-state Local structure of party-state
Party structure at the center
Government structure at the center
National People’s Congress
Local structure of party-state
Local people’s congresses
Local government
Local party organizations

4. Ruling Party: CCP
Chinese Communist Party
founded in Shanghai in 1921

5. CCP’s Birthplace Today

6. Communist party-state
Organizational design of political system
borrowed from Leninist party-state of the FSU
principles of guardianship and hierarchy
Mao added the idea of the “mass line” in ’40s
political reforms after the Maoist era
ideology became much less prominent and coherent
do not add up to fundamental systematic change

7. Communist party-state
guardianship
party represents the “historical best interests” of the people
CCP’s “people’s democratic dictatorship” allows no organized opposition to party leadership
hierarchy of party organizations
“democratic centralism”: consult & implement
Mao added the idea of the “mass line”

8. Village

10. CCP General Secretary
Jiang Zemin ( )
Hu Jintao ( )

11. Politburo Standing Committee
Each heads party work in one area
organization and personnel
propaganda and education
finance and economy
political and legal affairs
foreign affairs
etc.

12. CCP Central Committee About 200 members (and 150 alternate)
membership in CC reflects political power
Central Committee departments:
Department of Organization
Department of Propaganda
Department of United Front
Department of International Liaison
Central Committee elects Politburo

13. CCP National Congress Meets every 5 years since 1970s elects
1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997, 2002
16th National Party Congress
November 2002
2154 delegates
elects
Central Committee

14. PRC Head of State President Jiang Zemin (1993-2003)
also then CCP General Secretary
Hu Jintao ( )
also current CCP General Secretary

15. Central Government Premier: Wen Jiabao (2003-2008) State Council
29 Ministries and Commissions
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ministry of National Defense
State Development & Reform Commission
People’s Bank of China
etc.

16. Central Military Commission
Commanders-in-chief of the People’s Liberation Army
in both the central Party and government structures
same composition
Chair: Jiang Zemin
11 members

17. National People’s Congress
According to the constitution, the highest organization of state authority
NPC Standing Committee
the permanent body of NPC exercises all but the most formal powers of the NPC
8 Special Committees
legislative affairs, nationalities, agriculture & rural, foreign affairs, etc.

18. National People’s Congress
NPC plenary sessions
meet annually in Beijing
for about 2 weeks
the nearly 3,000 deputies are elected
for 5-year terms
by provincial-level people’s congresses

20. National PC State Council
Power Relationship
CCP Politburo
National PC State Council

21. Local People’s Congresses
Eligible voters
Township
County
County or district PC’s
City
City PC’s
Province
Provincial PC’s
National
Elected by
People’s Congresses

22. Provincial level governments
22 Provinces
5 Autonomous
Regions
4 Municipalities
2 Special
Administrative

23. Local governments of the P.R.C.
Cities
4 cities at the rank of provinces
Beijing, Shanghai, ...
15 cities at the rank of “semi-provinces”
265 cities at the rank of prefectures
393 cities at the rank of counties
2,053 counties and 808 city districts
Townships and (villages)

24. Local Party Structure
3.5 million party committees, party general branches, and party branches
provinces, cities, counties, townships, and villages
enterprises
state-owned enterprises
less than 1% of private enterprises have party organizations

25. Replicated at lower levels
Local party committee
local people’s congress local government