1. Applying and applying the knowledge for Design solution
Broad knowledge is a requisite for better designer. Knowledge of other domains has became necessary.
to correct the flaw s in the existing design or for the redesign.
Thoroughly study the previous engineering designs and their “failures”
Be careful , literature only shows success,
Failures says about possible hazards
Must have idea about physical principles
Rocket, jet, solar cell etc…..

2. Applying and applying the knowledge for Design solution
The final design always depend on “how the designer managing to combine different principles in a single system”

3. Applying and applying the knowledge for Design solution
Chisels
Pyramids
axes
The concept of inclined plane is originated from the fundamental physics principle
Work = Force ✕ Distance
Shovels

4. Applying and applying the knowledge for Design solution
The concept of lever (counterweights) is originated from the fundamental physics principle
Work = Force ✕ Distance
Effort ✕ pivot Distance = Load ✕ pivot Distance

5. Applying and applying the knowledge for Design solution
The concept of lever (counterweights) is originated from the fundamental physics principle
Work = Force ✕ Distance
Effort ✕ pivot Distance = Load ✕ pivot Distance
Hence Design engineer must have idea about Levers, counter weight concepts

6. Applying and applying the knowledge for Design solution
One way mirror
Radar gun

7. Applying and applying the knowledge for Design solution

8. Applying and applying the knowledge for Design solution
CONCEPTS
Piezoelectricity
Photovoltaic effect
Joule effect
Sublimation
Magnetism
Pressure
Binary notation
Computers and cryptography
PHENOMENA
Adsorption
Archimedes principle
Eotvos (coriolis) effect
Magnetostriction
Photoemissive effect
Purkinje effect
Work hardening
Effective engineering design heavily dependent of scientific knowledge more you know the science more you can apply in technologies

9. Sources of technical knowledge
Effective engineering design heavily dependent of scientific knowledge more you know the science more you can apply in technologies
A thorough understanding of physical principles and fundamental phenomena required for proper analysis of new design concepts
Text books *
Engineering journals
Magazines
Reference manuals
News papers
Manufacturers catalog etc…

10. Example: The Tacoma narrows bridge destroyed itself
In Puget sound , 2800 feet bridge, 32 feet wide road way, 8 feet width.
Cable trusses (Open truss design)used to offset the horizontal forces applied by the suspension.
The slender structure created aerodynamic instability.
There was a tendency of bridge deck to oscillate vertically in mild winds.

11. Example: The Tacoma narrows bridge destroyed itself
Protecting measures
Tie down cables
Inclined stay cables
Mechanical piston cylinder to absorb the vibration energy
Non worked finally bridge collapsed
The designer is Leon Moisseiff

12. Example: The Tacoma narrows bridge destroyed itself
Reson
Self induced excitation of surrounding wind stream
Created forced resonance
Impact of wind is not considered at full priority.
The designer is Leon Moisseiff

13. Failure to anticipate the fundamental thing “ Torsional flutter leads to metal fatigue and collapse”

14. Abstraction and Modeling

15. Abstraction and Modeling
Decision on problem followed by making the chart for possible solutions
Different possible solutions are represented by models
Expert and amateur are distinguished based on the ability to abstract
CREATION OF DIFFERENT AND DISTINCTIVE SOLUTIONS
Segregating the solutions in terms of “ THE SUPIRIORITY OF CONCEPT ”
Divide the problem into as many sub parts as possible
Now various solutions for sub problems
“ Through abstraction, we view the problem solution from the higher level of conceptual understanding . Which is necessary to understand the possible relations among the different aspects of the problem. This helps in creating effective design solutions ”

16. Abstraction and Modeling
Concept development
Developing a transportation system:
Problem:
Design a method for transporting the people from one location to another
GENERAL concepts OF ‘LOCATION CHANGE’
Propel
Carry
Attract/repel
Sink / drop
Lift
Slide
Float
Pull

17. Abstraction and Modeling
Concept development

18. MODEL is a purposeful representation for design evolution
Abstraction and Modeling
Modeling
MODEL is a purposeful representation for design evolution
MODEL is
Scaled miniature (abstract or concrete)
Set of relationships (equations) among system variables (Mathematical)
Computer simulation and animation of process
2D or 3D graphical description of design
(CAD, Finite element method etc) (Graphical )
MODEL BUIDING AND TESTING IS A “SKILL”.
Models allow us to
organize data
Describe relationships
Analyze proposed designs
Useful for know the unidentified problems
Hazard analysis

19. Abstraction and Modeling
Types of Modeling
Physical Models :
Clay, cardboard, rubber bands, glue, etc
Very useful to test the design concept
Iconic Models :
Visually equivalent but incomplete 2D and 3D models.
Ex: Bridges, highways, buildings

20. Abstraction and Modeling
Types of Modeling
Analogic Models :
Functionally equivalent but incomplete representations

21. Abstraction and Modeling
Types of Modeling
Symbolic Models :
Mathematical representations of the systems or process by means of symbols
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22. Abstraction and Modeling
Models are approximations where we consider very important details that are to be tested for the design concept. Designer must know and able to decide the details to be incorporated in the modeling
Always be critical about your concepts and models
Keep refining them on

23. Abstraction and Modeling
Developing a Model
Sketching
Pictorial sketching
Orthographic drawings
Functional graphs and charts
Finite element / Process simulation
System modeling
Process modeling