1. US History Chapter 2 Section 3
Forging the New Republic

2. Main Idea
Under presidents Washington, Adams, and Jefferson, the United States continued to shape its new government while facing both foreign and domestic challenges

3. Reading Focus
What actions did Washington take when he became president?
What challenges did the US face in the 1790s?
What were the main events of Jefferson’s presidency?
What were the cause and effects of the War of 1812?

5. Washington Presidency
Washington’s first act- Establish his cabinet (advisors) – members with three departments:
Secretary of State- Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of War- Henry Knox
Secretary of Treasury- Alexander Hamilton
(Edmund Randolph- Attorney General)
Opposing views in administration:
- Federalists (Hamilton) favored centralized government with prospering cities and businesses
- Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson and Madison) favored more rural nation with more power given to the people
Establishment of a Court System: Judiciary Act of 1789: authorized the organization of the Judicial Branch:
(1) Chief Justice (John Jay) and (5) Associates
District Courts and Circuit Court of Appeals

6. Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Hamilton was challenged with shortage of money to pay everyday expenses, debt to foreign nations, and money owed to former Soldiers
New Plan
Federal Government Government should Create a National
Takes on State and raise money by Bank and mint to
National Debt passing taxes stabilize the banking
system
Debt payment plan was controversial:
> Many southern states had paid their debts and resented the federal government would take their debt
1791- Capital of US moved from NYC to Philadelphia with the plan to move to Potomac River in ten years

7. Capital of United States

8. Bank of the United States
Alexander Hamilton created a National bank which Jefferson believed the government did not have the power to do
Both disagreed and interpreted the constitution differently:
> Jefferson- “Strict Constructionist”
> Hamilton- “Loose Constructionist”
Hamilton was able to persuade Washington to sign bill in 1791 chartering bank- First US National Bank Created
Supporters of Jefferson Supporters of Hamilton
“Democratic-Republicans” “ Federalists”
“First Two political Parties”
What came out of this?

9. Challenges in the 1790s
The US would still face challenges from at home and abroad
French Revolution caused differences of opinions between American parties-resulted in President Washington issuing the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
Jays Treaty GB restitution to US for damage to US ships they seized (Revolutionary War) and GB would vacate forts in the NW Territory
Pinckney's Treaty US and Spain finally agreed on actual border of Spanish territory of Florida
Whiskey rebellion Farmers in Pennsylvania protested a tax on Whiskey- Washington sent Militia in to squash rebellion
NW Territory Conflict- US General Anthony Wayne defeats Indians at “Battle of Fallen Timbers” (US claims more territory)

10. NW territory Conflict
Whiskey Rebellion
Pinckney's Treaty

11. President Adams Challenges
Washington’s farewell address he warns the United States of two things:
> Warned against political parties (differences)
> Getting involved with foreign affairs
John Adams became second president with Thomas Jefferson as VP
XYZ Affair- The French were angry at US Neutrality in British-French conflict and had attacked a number of US Ships
Adams sends three diplomats to negotiate with French Foreign Minister Marquis Talleyrand but Talleyrand sends three of his diplomats in his behalf (referred to as X,Y,and Z) which asked for a bribe to get France to stop attacks

12. President Jefferson’s Presidency
Election of 1800 was unique:
>Adams / Pinckney (F) versus Jefferson /Burr (Dem-Rep)
> Tied election which results in passing of XII Amendment (sep ballots for president and vice president
Jefferson became third US President with two key principles:
> Reduce size and influence of government
> Reduce the tariffs passed by Hamilton’s financial plan
Marbury vs. Madison- Prior to his departure, Adams worked into the midnight hour appointing Federalists Supreme Court Judges
> Secretary of State James Madison refused to recognize one of the judges
> Supreme Court ruled that Madison DID NOT have to give commission to
incoming judges
> case established right to declare if a law violates the constitution (judicial Review)

13. Louisiana Purchase
By the time Jefferson had become president, three new states had formed out of current states- KY, TN, VT
1800- Spain owned port city of New Orleans and all of Louisiana but it used to belong to France which is why there were many French speaking people in New Orleans
>France wanted property back and Napoleon Bonaparte made deal with Spain to get it
> Before Spain left city, they closed all ports to Americans
> Americans angered because they thought French closed them
France changed mind about building an empire in America (too costly- currently fighting in Santo Domingo) so he sold it to US for 15 million
October Congress approved the purchase and US doubled its size
529 million acres at 4 cents an acre

14. • pink British territory
• purple Spanish territories
• orange Oregon Country
Map of loisisna purchae on page 54
Interactive map louisiana purchase
Jefferson sent out expeditions to survey the new area- Lewis and Clark most famous expedition ( ) who explored all the way to the Pacific Ocean and was helped by a Shoshone Indian named Sacajawea

15. War of 1812
1803- Napoleonic Wars broke out between France and Great Britain
US impacted because both countries were stopping US merchant ships
> British were forcing Americans at sea to fight in British Navy
> GB also were helping Indians fight American settlers in the Northwest US
1812: War Hawks called for war against Great Britain so the War of had begun
General Andrew Jackson fought final major
battle in the city of New Orleans and defeated
the British

16. Location-Eastern and Central North America, Atlantic and Pacific
In the War of 1812, the United States took on the greatest naval power in the world, Great Britain, in a conflict that would have an immense impact on the young country’s future. Causes of the war included British attempts to restrict U.S. trade, the Royal Navy’s impressment of American seamen and America’s desire to expand its territory. The United States suffered many costly defeats at the hands of British, Canadian and Native American troops over the course of the War of 1812, including the capture and burning of the nation’s capital, Washington, D.C., in August Nonetheless, American troops were able to repulse British invasions in New York, Baltimore and New Orleans, boosting national confidence and fostering a new spirit of patriotism. The ratification of the Treaty of Ghent on February 17, 1815, ended the war but left many of the most contentious questions unresolved. Nonetheless, many in the United States celebrated the War of 1812 as a “second war of independence”.
US Britain
Date- June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815
Location-Eastern and Central North America, Atlantic and Pacific
Casualties and losses
2,200 KIA 4,505 WIA
1,600 KIA
3,679 WIA

18. F
Cabinet is a group of civilians T F
Congress established a six member supreme court F
Purchased from France T

19. War of 1812

20. Battle of New Orleans