1. Renaissance and Reformation
AP TEST REVIEW PART ONE
Renaissance and Reformation

2. National Monarchies Created by the absorption of smaller feudal states
Had professional standing armies
By 1500, the four great national monarchies were England, France, Spain, and Portugal.

3. 100 Years’ War ( )
Caused by conflicts between England and France over Flanders and over French succession.
Began when English King Edward III claimed the French throne and the French nobility refused to recognize his claim.

4. 100 Years’ War, Continued
England invaded France and won several big battles. By 1360, a truce gave much of SW France to England.
By 1375, the French, under Charles V, reclaimed all but Calais and a bit of Burgandy.

5. 100 Years’ War, Continued
A big English victory at Agincourt in 1415 led Charles VI to sign the Treaty of Troyes (1420) which recognized English king Henry V as the rightful heir to the French throne. Henry died in 1422.
Joan of Arc’s victories eventually led to a French victory, and the war ended in 1453 with England getting only Calais.
The cantons were split between Catholicism and Calvinism.

6. The Baltic Confederation
The Baltic Confederation was originally a set of independent cities located on the Baltic Sea.
Eventually, about 80 of the small cities joined together to protect their commercial interests in the region.
The Hanseatic League was designed to allow these cities to control Baltic Sea trade.

7. Renaissance--Background of the Era
1. Renaissance--a rebirth of European economic and cultural activity that originated in the Italian states around 1350, spread to northern Europe and lasted until around 1550.
Main Characteristics:
1. Urban and upper class--Hence, it began in the well-funded Italian city-states
2. Secular--interested in worldly pleasures (art, architecture, food, etc.)
3. Age of recovery--return to Greco-Roman culture.
4. Emphasis on the individual--glorified the capabilities of man

8. 5. Humanism--a program of study that includes rhetoric, philosophy, literature, history! and classical languages (Latin and Greek). Today we call these the humanities.

9. Background of Periods of the Renaissance
1. Early Renaissance ( )--Florence as epicenter
2. High Renaissance ( )--
Rome as epicenter
3. Late Renaissance (1530ish- late 1500s)
4. Northern Renaissance (1400s and 1500s)
5. Elizabethan Renaissance( Late 1500s to early 1600s)

10. RENAISSANCE ECONOMICS
During the middle ages, manorialism developed due to the fact that money virtually disappeared from use in Europe and trade nearly came to a complete halt.
Renaissance economic developments were dominated by the rise of capitalism and the disintegration of manorialism (feudal bargaining).

11. Renaissance Capitalism
As renaissance society became more settled, they began to produce surpluses and began to trade with other regions.
This growth of trade led to the development of towns and the rise of a merchant class.
Towns eventually became interdependent and needed trade to survive.
Money again was used and barter eventually came to a halt.

12. Reasons for the Growth of Capitalism
Crusades: increased trade
Exploration: As developing states got $, they outfitted parties to explore and find routes to get to the riches in the east. This led to new riches, new trade routes, and new diseases, such as the plague.
Gold: precious metals expanded the European economy, fueled inflation, and put more currency in European economies.

13. Another Reason: The Growth of Towns/Merchant Class
Led to the eventual decline of the power of the nobility and the shift away from land being the only source of wealth and power.
Led to the growth of trade
Led monarchs to develop stronger armies and navies to protect trade and commercial interests.

14. More Reasons: Population Growth/Cottage Industries
Population growth created a pool of laborers and possible consumers. This growth was partially checked by the plague during some decades.
Cottage Industries began to develop as the agricultural revolution allowed some families to leave the farm and concentrate on skills such as weaving, furniture making, etc.

15. Another Reason: New Techniques and Inventions
Inventions such as the printing press, banking systems, bills of exchange, and double entry bookkeeping made transactions easier and capital more available. This encouraged the growth of trade and commerce.
New inventions also encouraged the growth of cottage industries, but the majority of Europeans were still farmers until the late 18th century.

16. Areas of Trade
Began in the Italian city states because they brought goods from the East through the Mediterranean and sent them overland to the rest of Europe.
Flanders: center of cloth and woolen trade
Hanseatic League dominated Baltic trade
England, Netherlands, & France dominated Atlantic trade by the 1500’s.

17. Results of Economic Expansion
Decline of feudalism: money economy, cash payment of rents, consolidation of smaller farms
New Business Organizations: partnerships, chartered companies, and joint stock companies
Revival of Slavery: (there was limited opposition to this by some church leaders)
Growth of secularism and individualism

18. RENAISSANCE POLITICS ITALY: CITY STATE SYSTEM
Ruled by dictatorial princes
Constant warring between states--done by mercenaries called condottieri
States were: Milan (Sforza), Venice, Florence (Medici) (cultural center), Papal States (popes), & Naples
Machiavelli: wrote for Lorenzo de Medici (The Prince and Circle of Governments)

19. Condottieri

20. The States of Italy Lack of centralized authority
Republicanism to Tyranny--use of condottieri
Development of regional states
Milan (Visconti despotism onwards)
Florence (Popolo grasso stave off popolo minuto and ciompi)
Venice( Great Council--1297) and the Council of Ten--known for its stability

21. RENAISSANCE CHARACTERISTICS (1350 - 1550)
Humanism emerges to challenge traditional church beliefs
interest in Greco-Roman civilization
emphasis placed on human abilities, not on religious dictates
tried to discover and copy forgotten classical manuscripts and tried to write in the classical style.

22. More Characteristics
Growth of Secularism: Religious influence in science, economics, education, and daily life declined as the church became discredited due to the great schism, renaissance scientific discoveries, and the church’s refusal to accept change.

23. More Characteristics
The renaissance emphasized different qualities than the medieval period:
Individualism: People saw themselves as individuals who could gain wealth and fame due to their own efforts. They began to see that they could think for themselves and didn’t need the church, the guild, or the nobility to tell them what to do.
Versatility: good at many things (well-rounded)
Thirst for learning
Use of the vernacular

24. THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
The Italian renaissance differed somewhat from the renaissance in Northern Europe.
While the Italian renaissance focused on art, humanism, and education, the N. European renaissance focused on the reformation of the church and the birth of Protestantism.

25. Why Italy?
Italy = center of early European commercial life. So, Italians were constantly introduced to new ideas from other civilizations, (esp. from the Moslems and the Byzantines).
Secularism fostered by: Italy’s favorable econ. situation, & political cynicism fostered by the reality of the feuding city states, and writers such as Machiavelli.

26. Why Italy?
Families made wealthy by trade and political power wanted to become the patrons of the arts. Many such as the Medici’s sponsored a lot of art, because they wanted to prove they were more powerful than the other wealthy families.
Contact with past Roman glory was more immediate, due to Italy’s location.

27. Why in Italy First?
1. Trade routes benefited Italy by the end of the 14th century. (Benefited by the decline of Hanseatic League)
2. New Industries (wool, metals, glassware).
3. Italians let their money work for them--bankers such as the House of Medici in Florence.

28. Literature Dante: Divine Comedy: 1st major work in the vernacular
Petrarch (1300s) : Sonnets; Africa; known as the father of humanism; focused on the study of classical civilizations. Coined the phrase “the dark ages.”
Machiavelli (early 1500s): The Prince; The Circle of Governments: all gov’ts are flawed; “the ends justify the means;” beginning of “realpolitik.”

29. More Literature
Boccaccio (1300s): Decameron: 100 tales of people who had taken refuge in a country house in Florence when the plague struck. Shocking for its day--some stories nearly obscene.
Lorenzo Valla (1400s): “critical analysis” of classical documents--esp. church docs, such as the “Donation of Constantine.”
Pico Della Mirendola (1400s): More analysis of docs. “Oration on the Dignity of Man” extolled human potential. Influenced by Plato.

30. More Literature
Castiglione: Book of the Courtier (1528); This work provided directions on how a renaissance gentleman should live. Emphasized civic duty, versatility, and moral conduct.

31. Art
Support from secular patrons led to the development of some non-religious work as well as the religious works sponsored by the church.
Renaissance art was more lifelike and realistic and used mathematical and scientific principles (proportion, vanishing point, etc.).

32. Art
Architecture focused on the full development of the gothic style (rose windows, pointed arches, flying buttresses).
Famous architects included: Brunelleschi (church of San Lorenzo) and Alberti (Rucella Palace)

33. Famous Renaissance Artists & Sculptors
Artists: Fra Angelico (The Anunciation), Fra Lippo Lippi (Madonna and Child), Botticelli (the Birth of Venus), Masaccio (Tribute Money), Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel) and Leonardo da Vinci (Mona Lisa, the Last Supper).
Sculptors: Donatello (David & Condottieri) Michelangelo (David and Moses)

34. The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific revolution began during the renaissance and challenged traditional scientific ideas that were held by the church, esp. those espoused by Aristotle.
Scientific discoveries were fueled by the new attitudes and confidence in human abilities and in turn encouraged secularism and the church largely refused to accept new findings.

35. Science
Copernicus: heliocentric universe overturns the Ptolemaic (geocentric) system. (circular orbits)
Galileo: improved the telescope & supported Cop’s view. Experimented with the rate of speed of falling bodies (his findings were later used by Newton) and saw craters on the moon. Put under house arrest.

36. Science
Leonardo da Vinci: An inventor whose ideas were beyond his time, he had notebooks full of drawings of plans for his inventions.
William Harvey: Discovered the circulation of blood in the human body.

37. Education
Humanists favored a liberal arts education which was to include geometry, arithmetic, music, astronomy, literature, and history.
Humanists favored the use of the vernacular in education, so more merchants could be educated.
Two major universities: U. of Bologna: Law and U. of Paris: Theology

38. THE N. EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE
As trade grew and the medieval social, economic, and political institutions began to break down, the Renaissance spread northward.
Often, the Northern European renaissance is also referred to as the reformation.

39. Northern Humanism
Similar to Italian humanism in that both rejected medieval scholarship and valued classical civilizations.
Different from Italian humanism because it placed more emphasis on purifying the Christian religion and encouraging a return to simple Christian piety.

40. Actions of N. Humanists Attacked the abuses of the Catholic church.
De-emphasized the observance of ritual as the core of religious life.
Worked to produce new translations of the Bible from the original Hebrew and Greek texts and revived the study of these languages.(Reuchlin in Germany)
Supported changes in University curriculum in Germany.

41. Erasmus (1466-1536) Nicknamed “Prince of the Humanities”
Dominated the intellectual thought of the N. renaissance
His book, In Praise of Folly, satirized ignorance, superstition, and many Church practices.
Criticized corruption of the church and called for men to lead simple Christian lives
Published a revised edition of the New Testament.

42. The Elizabethan Renaissance In England
A group of Oxford professors, including John Colet and Sir Thomas More introduced humanism to England.
Humanism is seen in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales: emphasized the human, rather than the spiritual/religious side of man.
Literature and Humanism dominated the Ren. in England--Little emphasis on art.

43. England, Continued
Sir Thomas More ( ) wrote Utopia: described an ideal society based on socialism. Held that through human efforts, man could construct a perfect world.
Anti-reformation; beheaded by Henry VIII, his friend.
Other English names include:
Francis Bacon: Novum Organum: Inductive method
Spenser: Faerie Queen
Marlowe: Dr. Faustus
Shakespeare: numerous works

44. The French Renaissance
Montaigne: Essays: directions for how a “good” man should live. (Civic duty and simple piety)
Rabelais:
created the modern French language with the help of John Calvin.
Satirized both government and church practices

45. N. Renaissance Art
Dominated by the “Dutch Masters,” such as Rembrandt, and VanEyck.
Simple art which usually depicted everyday life or people in society. (“Nightwatch, etc.)
Protestant churches were very plain in contrast to the baroque styles encouraged by the Catholic church (Bernini, etc.).

46. Art of the Renaissance

47. But first let’s do a little review of Medieval art.

48. Duccio* di Buonisegna, Madonna and Child, 1300

49. Duccio, Maesta with Twenty Angels and Nineteen Saints, 1308

50. *Giotto, Lamentation, 1305*

52. Giotto--Madonna in Glory

53. The Renaissance

54. Masaccio, Holy Trinity with Virgin, 1425-8 (From the Brancacci Chapel)

55. Masaccio --Tribute Money

56. Antonio Pollaiuolo--The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian--1473-75

57. Lorenzo di Medici (AKA Lorenzo the Magnificent)

58. Primavera--Botticelli--1482

59. Sandro Boticelli, Birth of Venus, 1485

60. Donatello’s David (1428)David

61. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
Duomo of Florence

62. Duomo of Florence

63. Church of San Lorenzo--Brunelleschi

64. Federigo da Montefeltro and Battista Sforza--Piero della Francesca

65. Leonardo da Vinci, Vitruvian Man, c. 1492

66. Leonardo, The Last Supper, 1495-8

68. The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498 & Geometry

69. Leonardo, Mona Lisa,

71. Ooops!

72. *Raffaello (Raphael) Santi, School of Athens, 1509-10*

75. *Michelangelo Buonarotti, 1508-12
Sistene Chapel,

76. Sistene Chapel from below

77. “Creation of Adam” humanism

79. Michelangelo-David (1504)

80. Michelangelo Buonarroti-- The Pieta 1499

81. Jan Van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride, 1434

82. The The Annunciation-- Jan Van Eyck--1436

83. Albrecht Durer-- Adoration of the Magi (1504)

84. The Printing Press/Revolution
The most important invention of the 15th century was the printing press, generally credited to Johann Gutenberg (c. 1450).
Printing by moveable type was cheap and greatly increased the circulation of books.
Printing also increased the need for education, fostered the use of propaganda, and allowed scholars from remote areas to share ideas and scientific findings.

85. Italian States in the Renaissance
Milan--Visconti and Sforza
Florence--Medicis
Papal States
Kingdom of Naples
City States
Urbino--Federigo de Montefeltro
Ferrara
Mantua

86. Warfare
Balance of Power: Milan, Florence, and Naples vs. Venice and the Papal states: Peace of Lodi 1454
Spain vs. France in Naples ( )

87. New Monarchies
1. Retained feudal income (like medieval kings) but also taxed their people.
2. Professional armies
3. Centralized administrative bureaucracy that relied upon and educated middle class
4. New relationship the Catholic Church
The war of the Roses

88. The War of the Roses (1455-1485) Yorks (White) vs. Lancasters (Red)
Won by Henry VII
Created the Tudor monarchy which lasted until the death of Elizabeth in 1603.
Curtailment of the power of the nobility--the establishment of the court of the star chamber.

89. Spain
By the 8th Century, the Moors (Moslems) had conquered most of modern-day Spain.
By the 11th Century, Spain was falling apart with many independent regions.
By 1212, the reconquest (Reconquista) of Spain by the N. Christians of Aragon, Castille, and Leon left the Moors with only Grenada, in S. Spain. (El Cid, et. al)

90. The Modern Spanish Nation
1469: Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille/Leon unites the regions into “Spain.”
1478: Inquisition began
1492: Columbus sent to the new world--beginning of Spanish conquests.
1492: The Moors were driven out of Spain.

91. Western Europe
France
Charles VII ( )-- concluded the 100 Years’ War
Strengthened royal finances with the taille (tax on land)
First permanent royal army
Louis XI the Spider King or Le Prudent (1461 – 1483)--strengthened France
Francis I ( )-- “Your majesty” could nominate bishops, etc.

92. Western Europe England
War of the Roses ( )
Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509)
No more livery and maintenance and beginning of the Court of Star Chamber--political weapon to try dissident nobles.
Encouraged wool industry
Expanded control across England
Henry VIII ( )
Severed ties with Catholic Church
Confiscated church lands

93. Spain Unification of Castile and Aragón (1469)--Ferdiand and Isabella
Created a new governmental bureaucracy of the Royal council---middle class lawyers. Monarchy=state
Establishment of professional royal army
Religious uniformity
The Inquisition
Conquest of Granada
Expulsion of the Jews
Expulsion of Muslims (1502)

94. Achievements of Ferdinand and Isabella
Limited the power of the Cortes (leg. Assembly) and weakened the power of the nobility by supporting the merchants.
Funded exploration, bringing great wealth from the New World
Monarchs appointed church officials and controlled religious policy.
Tried to establish religious unity in hopes of also fostering political unity.

95. Spanish Inquisition
Designed to suppress the corruption of the Spanish clergy and root out “heretics.” Heretics were any non-Catholics, especially Moslems and Jews.
Led by Cisneros and Torquemada
Used any means necessary to subdue dissent
Spread the inquisition to conquered territories, such as the Spanish Netherlands

96. Effects of the Inquisition
Expelled tens of thousands of Muslim and Jewish scholars and skilled traders and manufacturers.
Many of those expelled during the inquisition fled to Italy and were catalysts for developments in the Italian renaissance.
Their loss severely hurt Spanish development.

97. Portugal Independence achieved in 1355.
Active in early exploration, especially with the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator.
By 1525, Portugal had vast holdings in the New World (Brazil, Angola, parts of India and Pakistan)

98. Holy Roman Empire
The Hapsburg family 1st gained control in 1273 with Count Rudolph of Hapsburg.
After his death, several families vied for control of Central Europe.
1356: Golden Bull established the election of the Holy Roman Emperor by 7 electors.
By 1400, the Hapsburgs maintained continuous control of the Austrian part of the HRE until 1918.

99. The HRE Falls Apart
During the Protestant Reformation, the HRE split into over 350 separate duchies.
The N. German princes were looking for an excuse to break away from the authority of the HR Emperor and the Pope, and used religion as a pretext for their developing autonomy.
The HRE’s disunity remained a problem until the 19th century.

100. The Swiss Confederacy
The 13 cantons of Switzerland broke away from the HRE in a series of wars in the late 1300’s.
Their independence was not officially recognized until the Treaty of Westphalia (1648).
The cantons were split between Catholicism and Calvinism.

101. New Monarchies--Results
1. Set the foundation for modern nation-states.
2. Did not gain absolute power. Absolutism isn’t until the 17th century

102. The Protestant Reformation
Interconnected to the renaissance and spurred on by rise of the merchant/middle class, the growth of individualism, and more activity in Biblical scholarship from original texts.
Urged a return to a stronger Christian faith
Had distinct political overtones and reflected the growth of nationalism.

103. Underlying Causes: Religious
Religious abuses were rampant and Catholic reforms were too little, too late.
Simony: sale of church offices
Immoral behavior of the clergy
sale of dispensations
sale of indulgences
sale of fake sacred relics
index of prohibited books

104. The Church in the Renaissance: Steps to Reformation
The Problem of Heresy and Reform
John Wyclif( ) and Lollards
John Hus (1374 – 1415)
Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy
Burned at the stake (1415)
Church Councils--weakened Sacrosancta and Frequens
The Papacy
The Renaissance Papacy Alexander VI and debauchery ( )
Julius II (1503 – 1513)
“Warrior Pope”
Nepotism
Patrons of Culture
Leo X (1513 – 1521)--archbishop at 8?
Reformers would continue to challenge church corruption.
The Church in the Renaissance: Steps to Reformation

105. Underlying Causes: Social and Political
Humanism
Many political rulers saw the Church as a foreign (Italian) imposition on their growing political control and hated the fact that the church had its own courts, owned much land, and was exempt from local taxes.
N. German princes saw religious reform as an excuse to pursue nationalistic desires to break away from the HRE.

106. Underlying Causes: Economic
Papal taxes were a hated burden on European nations and the rulers, the merchants, and the peasants all resented the payments.
Thought they were getting very little for their money.
Popes, Cardinals, and bishops lived lavishly at the expense of other Europeans.

107. Martin Luther & Lutheranism
1517: Luther, a monk, posted the 95 Theses on the door of the church in Wittenberg to protest the sale of indulgences and its abuse by John Tetzel.
The printing press soon spread his ideas all over Germany.
“justification by faith alone:” salvation achieved by faith in God rather than by doing good works to “earn” one’s way to heaven or by the purchase of indulgences.

108. Controversy and Support
Although Luther was quickly opposed by the pope and other church officials, he gained support from many German humanists and princes who resented the control of the church and the HR emperor.
Protected from Charles V by Frederick the Wise of Saxony

109. More Controversy
Charles V ordered Luther to recant at the Diet of Worms. He refused and was again protected by N. German princes.
Luther refused to support the Peasant’s Uprising ( ) and alienated many peasants, including their leader, Thomas Muntzer.
Eventually married and started the Lutheran Church

110. Luther’s Ideas Separation of church and state
Denied the Catholic Church hierarchy
Bible is the final authority in religious matters (not what church officials said)
recognized only 2 sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist
Rejected Transubstantiation in favor of sacramental union.

111. Religious Warfare
1530: council called at Augsburg by Charles V to reconcile Catholic and Lutheran differences.
The Augsburg confession was the Lutheran position, but it was rejected by the Catholics.
Protestants formed the Schmalkaldic League for protection.
1546: War broke out between N. Protestant states and the Catholic HRE.

112. The Peace of Augsburg
After a series of stalemates, the Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555.
“cius regio, eius religio”
only Lutheranism and Catholicism were considered to be legal religions
provided religious freedom only to the princes: everyone else was forced to abide by the religion of the ruler.
*** denied Calvinism
Lutheranism soon spread all over Sweden, Norway, Finland, and N. Germany.

113. Zwingli ( )
Swiss Reformer from Zurich killed in the Swiss civil war.
“justification by faith alone”
Bible is final authority, not the pope
differed from Luther by saying that the eucharist was entirely symbolic--consubstantiation.
War broke out between the 8 protestant cantons and the 5 catholic ones. They remained divided religiously, but made peace in 1531.

114. John Calvin ( )
Frenchman who was forced into exile in Geneva when his protestant ideas came into conflict with the catholic monarchy in France.
Main ideas were found in his book: Institutes of the Christian Religion.
Founder of Calvinism, the basis of what is more commonly known as Puritanism.

115. Calvinism Bible is the final authority
Predestination: God has already decided who will be saved (“the elect”) and who will not be (“the damned”).
The elect will uphold God’s teachings and lead exemplary lives. Their good works are only an outward sign of their salvation.
People are saved by faith, not by good works.
Purely symbolic communion
Theocracy

116. Calvinism, continued
Calvin’s ideas spread to other locations and became popular in Europe:
France: huguenots (named after Besacon Hugues)
Scotland: John Knox founded the Presbyterian church
England: Puritanism
Holland: very popular there

117. The English Reformation
English humanists and pre-reformers (such as Huss and Wycliffe) called for an end to the materialism of the church.
Many English nobles strongly resented papal dues and church controls.
England’s remote location gave it more independence in religious matters.

118. Henry VIII & Reformation
Henry was called “Defend of the Faith” by the Pope. Criticized Luther
Henry sends Cardinal Wolsey to get him an annulment from the pope. The pope refused.(Charles V’s troops had sacked Rome in 1527, and the pope was under the control of Charles).
Henry arrested Wolsey for treason and appointed Thomas Cranmer as the new Archbishop of Canterbury.
Cranmer annulled the marriage.

119. England under Elizabeth (1558-1603)
Catholics renewed under Mary ( )
Elizabeth took over--a politique
Elizabethan settlement: Church of England restored. Priests can marry.
Still elaborate hierarchy as in the Catholic church.

120. Henry, Continued
1534: Act of Supremacy: king replaces the pope as head of the English church and monasteries dissolved.
Church lands were confiscated
Formal establishment of the Anglican Church (Church of England)
After having a variety of wives, Henry died.
Not really that anti-Catholic. “Six Articles” of the English church affirmed catholic ideas, except the Pope’s authority.
Can you compare Luther and Henry?

121. The Catholic Reformation
The Council of Trent ( ): led by Charles V, this council 1st tried to achieve reconciliation with the Protestants and then tried to save the Catholic church from destruction.
Unsuccessful in stopping the reformation, but did encourage internal reform of the Catholic church.

122. Decisions Faith and good works were both necessary for salvation
Although the Bible was an essential authority, Church tradition and law was supreme in interpreting it.
Reconfirmed the 7 sacraments
ended internal corruption
ended the sale of indulgences

123. Formation of the Jesuits
Formed in Spain by St. Ignatius Loyola, this religious order stressed absolute obedience to Catholic doctrine and beliefs, but combined these ideas with the need for humanist education.
Education for youth in schools/universities
moral influence of the church in rel. schools
missionary activity
winning political influence as advisors to princes