1. The Standard Model - Bosons
Bosons – Have different properties than quarks and leptons.
*Gauge bosons - force carriers
Force Carrier Bosons:
Photon -
Force carrier for electromagnetic forces
Z and W Bosons -
Force carriers for the weak force
Gluon-
Force carrier for the strong force

2. The Standard Model – Higgs Boson
Higgs Boson – Same properties as the other bosons (physically) BUT has a different function
This particle gives mass to other particles.
Without mass, particles cannot interact.

3. The Standard Model – The Higgs Field
Higgs particles are evidence of the Higgs Field – which all other particles interact with.
At the start of universe - all particles moved through & interacted with the Higgs Field
More interaction = more mass
Less interaction = less mass

4. Why Do We Need Mass? Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
A force of attraction exists between any objects with mass

5. Higgs Boson Detection Announced on July 4, 2012
Two main teams: Atlas and CMS both found enough evidence of a particle matching the hypothesized Higgs
Achieved 5-sigma of certainty
1 in 3.5 million that the results are wrong

7. Third Nine Weeks Project Modern Physics – Article Reviews
For each review, please include
The Article
Must be at least one printed page in length
Must have be current, no earlier than 2010*
Blogs or editorials must have approval prior to use
Suggested Sources for Articles
News Sources (ABC News, NBC News, CNN, New York Times..)
Scholarly Journals (Nature, Scientific American….)

8. Third Nine Weeks Project Modern Physics – Article Reviews
For each review, please include
The Article
Citation (MLA)
Major Findings (1 – 2 Paragraphs)
*Article Reflection (1 – 2 Paragraphs)
First Article on the Higgs Boson/Standard Model

10. Gravitational Waves Back to Einstein - 1916
General Theory of Relativity
Visualized the dimensions of space-time like a blanket or sheet.
Objects with mass cause ‘dents’ in this ‘fabric’

11. Gravitational Waves 3-Dimensional Look
Movement causes ‘ripples’ in this fabric
Larger objects, more movement causes larger ‘ripples’

12. Gravitational Waves - Detection
September 14, 2015
First measured gravitational wave
Measured by LIGO using two different experimental set-ups in Washington state and Louisiana. Verified with measurements from Europe.