1. A.P. Ch. 1 Review Work
Chemical Foundations

2. Lab Equipment
Graduated Cylinder: used for accurately measuring liquid volumes
Beaker: used for stirring, mixing, and heating liquids with a spout to aid in pouring
Burette: used in titrations to dispense specific volumes of titrating solution
Volumetric Flask: used for making dilutions at a specific volume

3. Lab Equipment Continued…
Erlenmeyer Flask: used for swirling solutions and for storage
Bunsen Burner: used for heating substances
Crucible: ceramic bowl used to heat substances to high temperatures
Pipette: used for dispensing precise amounts of liquid

4. SI Units
Internationally recognized units of measure to standardize scientific community
Mass – Kilogram (kg)
Length – Meter (m)
Time – Seconds (s)
Temperature – Kelvin (K) or Celsius (ºC)
Prefixes:
Giga (billion), Mega (million), Kilo (thousand),
Hecto (100), Deka (10), Deci (1/10), Centi (1/100)
Milli (1/1000), Micro (1/million), Nano (1/billion),
Pico (1/trillion)

5. Uncertainty in Measurements
A. Measurements always have some amount of uncertainty based on the measuring device
4.35 cm
B. Correct measurements always have one “uncertain number”

6. Significant Figures Rules for Identifying:
All non-zero #’s are significant
Zeros only significant if between numbers or behind numbers with decimal visible anywhere (202), (0.020), (200.), (200)
3. Exact numbers (obtained from counting or from definitions) (12 in a dozen, 60 min. = 1 hour) have infinite sig. figs.

7. Underline the Significant Figures
2,000 m 202,000 mm kg atm 400.C 8.90x102 mL 0.5 mol M

8. Sig. Fig. Calculations Multiplication/Division
Depends on smallest # of sig. figs
Ex x 0.5 = 5.25 which we round to 5 (1 s.f.)
Addition/Subtraction
Depends on smallest # of decimal spaces
Ex = 11 but we make it 11.0 to have 1 decimal point

9. Calculate These Using Significant Figure Rules
= 10.6 x 2 = 100 – 9.5 = 1500  3.54 =

10. Conversions Use equivalence to compare two units
Ex Centimeters  kilometers
If the units match, then you are done, perform the math
2000 cm 1
meter 1
kilometer
= kilometers
0.02
1000
meter
100 cm

11. Temperature
Fahrenheit scale based on human body temp. (ºF-32) x (5/9) = ºC
Celsius scale based on boiling/freezing water ºC x (9/5) + 32 = ºF
Kelvin scale based on absolute zero (theoretical temp. when motion stops)
ºC = K

12. Density Density = mass/volume Usually in grams/cm3 or g/mL
Depends on compactness of an object