1. Grape “ESCA” Pruning Disease
Bio-Tam® 2.0
and
Grape “ESCA” Pruning Disease
2017
Isagro-USA
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

2. What is Bio-Tam 2.0 ? Why two strains?
Bio-Tam 2.0 is a biofungicide based on a mixture of two selected natural strain, beneficial conidiospores:
Trichoderma asperellum (former harzianum - ICC 080 )
Trichoderma gamsii (former viride - ICC 012)
Why two strains?
Two distinct isolates whose biological behaviours differ in few characters (e.g. temperature and pH tolerance, etc…), provide a wider range of activity in varying environmental conditions.
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

3. Strain characteristics
Temperature: the optimal growth rate is between 75 and 86°F. In these conditions the hyphae elongation is close to 1 mm/hour, but the product can keep a good growth rate even in limited conditions as low as
<60°or near >95°F
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

4. Strain characteristics
pH: the optimal growth rate is between 2 and 8.
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

5. Bio-Tam 2.0
T. asperellum and T. gamsii are saprophytic antagonistic fungi, naturally occurring in suppressive soils, responsible for the “suppressiveness” against different soil-borne pathogens.
Conidiospores
Mycelium and Conidiospores
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

6. ESCA disease at a glance: a world-wide presence
Source: plantwise.org
No accurate data is available on the economic impact of Esca disease. In most European wine-growing countries, these diseases are estimated to have reached incidences of more than 10%. In southern Europe, these diseases are found in all wine-growing regions, affecting % of vineyards and increasing annually by approximately 5% (Mugnai et al., 1999).
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

7. ESCA disease complex
"Esca" is a grapevine wood disease that seriously affects vine yield and longevity.
The main causal agents are the deuteromycetes Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophylum. and the basidiomycete Fomitiporia mediterranea. In addition, Eutypa lata, Phomopsis viticola, Botryosphaeria obtusa, and Cylindrocarpon destructans were isolated from Esca-affected vines.
Esca is a widespread disease of grapevine in many countries all over the world. It is generally accepted that Esca is not a new disease nevertheless a dramatic upsurge of the disease has been reported in recent years.
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

8. ESCA disease complex symptoms
Esca comprises symptoms inside the trunk and larger branches, on the shoots, on the leaves and on the berries.
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

9. ESCA disease complex symptoms
Esca comprises symptoms inside the trunk and larger branches, on the shoots, on the leaves and on the berries.
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

10. ESCA disease complex cycle
The method of disease spread is not yet certain, however spore trapping results from infected vineyards have found air-borne spores, with large numbers of spores trapped during rainfall.
Infection occurs through wounds.
Wet weather and warm temperatures appear to favor the disease.
Years with above normal rainfall and high summer temperatures may result in more severe symptoms.
Air-borne basidiospores produced by fruiting bodies (bracket fungi) on dead wood or other hosts can be spread long distances by wind, and infect grapevines. Observed spread along rows in vineyards may also indicate that spores can be spread by tools during pruning and grafting.
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

11. ESCA disease complex cycleJ F M A S O N D
spores flying
low
high
low
susceptibility of wounds
Infection occurs if:
temperature is between 50°F and 85°F
wounds are susceptible to infection
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

12. How Bio-Tam 2.0 works Untreated
Bio-Tam is a tool to significantly limit the disease incidence, year by year.
It is preventative
IPM strategy tool
Untreated
dead
plants
Bio-Tam 2.0
time
year 1 year 2 year 3 year 4
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

13. How Bio-Tam 2.0 works
Bio-Tam 2.0 prevents pathogenic fungi from spreading within the plant through the pruning wounds
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

14. How Bio-Tam 2.0 works
By colonizing the pruning wounds, Trichoderma forms a shield that prevent pathogenic fungi from spreading within the plant.
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

15. How Bio-Tam 2.0 works Application timing
Pruning should be done after the peak of low temperatures is passed
Then, perform single application at 1 lb/acre diluted in gpa of water when bleeding occurs, before sprouting.
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

16. Bio-Tam 2.0 - ESCA Directions for use Vine diseases following pruning
Target Disease
Use Rate and Application Instructions
Vine diseases following pruning
(Phaeomoniella chlamydospora)
Directed spray: Apply within 24 hours of pruning. Apply at 2 lbs. Bio-Tam 2.0/100 gallons of water. Broadcast application: Apply at 1 lb./A in gallons of water ensuring adequate coverage.
* Bio-Tam 2.0 is registered for use on grape vines following vine pruning to manage Phaeomoniella chlamydospora.
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

17. Bio-Tam 2.0 - ESCA Directions for Use
Additional detailed use directions
A second application of Bio-Tam 2.0 is recommended approximately 14 days later when pruning high risk vineyards (vineyards with a history of grapevine pruning disease, new vines replanted over a highly infested area, or where high disease pressure from surrounding area is present) or if rainfall or high humidity persist resulting in environmental conditions favorable for disease development.
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

18. Bio-Tam 2.0 - ESCA Directions for Use
Further suggestions
The application should be localized as much as possible on the pruned branches
In the presence of very high disease pressure and/or under unusual climate situations, a second application before sprouting is recommended
If a rain occurs immediately after the application (<6h), application must be repeated.
Pruning in early autumn, with relatively high temperatures, is not recommended because Esca is highly infective at that time. If pruning is done in early autumn, best to treat with Bio-Tam immediatly after and, then, repeating treatment in spring because Trichoderma may be suppressed by winter chill.
The best application timing
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

19. Bio-Tam 2.0 - ESCA Directions for Use
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

20. Bio-Tam 2.0 - ESCA Highly susceptible Italian varietals
* Not limited to only these varietals
Cabernet
Cabernet franc
Cabernet sauvignon
Chardonney
Corvina
Lambrusco salamino
Montepulciano d’Abruzzo
Moscato
Nebbiolo
Pinot
Sangiovese
Sauvignon
Sauvignon blanc
Trebbiano
Verdicchio
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

21. Bio-Tam ESCA
Conclusions from a multi-year Agronomical / Economical application evaluation in Italy :
Bio-Tam lowers the ED incidence by reducing the spreading of new infections
When young plants are treated, the outcome is even more evident. New plantations should always be treated to manage the disease.
Treatments are to be done every year. The economical evaluation resulted in surprising results 1.000<profit<6.000 in 4 years (mean >3k€)
If treated, plants showing symptoms suffer sustainable production.
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.

22. Grape “ESCA” Pruning Disease
Bio-Tam® 2.0
and
Grape “ESCA” Pruning Disease
2017
Isagro-USA
©2017 Isagro USA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bio-Tam is a registered trademark of Isagro USA, Inc.