1. Safe Loading and Cargo Securing
Zagreb, 11th November 2010
Patrick Philipp
Head – IRU Academy

2. Unsecure cargo is a major risk
Euro Contrôle Route (ECR) an association of 14 European countries for the inspection of road transport, notes that:
25% of all commercial vehicle accidents in Europe are caused by poorly secured loads.
Over 2300 accidents per year are due to poor cargo securing.

3. Unsecure cargo is a major cost
Overloading is a key concern!
Source: Europol

4. Comparison of Cargo Securing according to:
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
(2001)
Rev prEN
(Jan 2009) EN
(Dec 2003)

5. Different requirements in guidelines and standards

6. Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing
European Best Practice Guidelines on Cargo Securing for Road Transport
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
Guidelines for packing of cargo transport units (CTU’s)
with IMO Model Course 3.18
Standard EN
Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles – Safety –
Part 1: Calculation of lashing forces
Updated version Standard prEN (rev: )
Load restraining on road vehicles – Safety – Part 1
Calculation of securing forces

7. Cargo securing guidelines
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
2001 EN
Dec 2003
Rev prEN
Jan 2009

8. Differences in the basic principles in the guidelines and standards
Cargo Securing
Differences in the basic principles in the guidelines and standards
Item
IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN
Rev prEN
Acceleration coefficients
(road transport)
- Forward
- Sliding sideways
- Tipping sideways
+ Direct lashings
+ Frictional lashings
cx = 1.0
cy = 0.5
cy = 0.5 (FT=LC)
cy = 0.5 (FT=STF)
cx = 0.8
cy = 0.7 (FT=LC)
cy = 0.7 (FT=STF)
cy = 0.6 (FT=LC)
cy = 0.5 (FT=STF) or
cy = 0.6 (FT=LC/2)
Safety factor in calculations of frictional
(top over) lashings
- Sideways and backward
fs = 1.0
fs = 1.25
fs = 1.1

9. Differences in the basic principles in the guidelines and standards
Cargo Securing
Differences in the basic principles in the guidelines and standards
Item
IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN
Rev prEN
Friction factor established by friction test
- Frictional lashings
- Direct lashings
Static friction µs
Dynamic friction
µd = µs  fµ
µd = µs  0.70
µ =µs  0.925
µ  fµ
Conversion factor fµ for direct lashings
fµ = 0,70
fµ = µd/µs
0.75 < fµ < 1.0
Internal friction
Included
Not included
Coefficient of transmission (k-factor)
k = 2
k =1.5

10. Differences in the basic principles in the guidelines and standards
Cargo Securing
Differences in the basic principles in the guidelines and standards
Item
IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN
Rev prEN
Some differences in table of friction factors, e.g:
- sawn wood against fabric base laminate/plywood
- sawn wood against steel sheet
- steel crate against fabric base laminate/plywood
µ = 0.50
µ = 0.40
Not included
µ = 0.45
µ = 0.30
Verification of the efficiency of securing arrangement by
Calculations
Static inclining test
Dynamic driving test (road transport)
Lashing protocol
Included

11. Cargo securing examples

12. Cargo Securing example 1
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding
Curtain sided trailer, aluminium floor and strong headboard
Wooden boxes L B H
Length = 13.6 m
Height = 2.55 m
Breadth = 2.48 m
Quantity = 8 pieces
H × B × L = 2 × 2 × 1.7 m
Weight = kg/box
Total cargo weight: 24.0 tonnes
Web lashings
LC = daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kN
STF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN
Friction between floor and cargo  = static = 0.4

13. Cargo Securing example 1
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding
Rev prEN
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
where
m = 3 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 (table 2)
cz = 1.0 (table 2)
µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.28
(section 6.1)
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α = 84.3º
Answer EN
n = 3.9
m = 3 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
µ = µest= 0.4 (table B.1)
fs = 1.1
n = 1.02
n = 0.9
Equation (10)
Equation (6)
EU Best Practice Guidelines - Cargo Securing (p.108)

14. Cargo Securing example 1
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding
16 top over lashings
(Two lashing / section)
Rev prEN
IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN
9 top over lashings
(with supporting beam)
Friction factor µ = 0.4
Lashing force FT = STF
K-factor k = 2
Safety factor fs = 1.1
Rev prEN
8 top over lashings
(One lashing / section)
32 top over lashings
(Four lashings / section)
Reasons for the difference:
Static friction s = 0.4
Lashing force FT = STF
K-factor k = 2
Safety factor fs = 1.0
Dynamic friction µd = 0.7  s= 0.28
Lashing force FT = STF
K-factor k = 1.5
Safety factor fs = 1.0

15. Cargo Securing example 2
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping
Curtain sided trailer with strong headboard
Steel crates B H
Side bottom
blocking
Blocking
Length = 13.6 m
Height = 2.55 m
Breadth = 2.48 m
Quantity = 99 pcs in 11 sections
Cargo section dimensions:
H × B × L = 2.4 × 2.4 × 1.2 m
Weight = kg/section
Total cargo weight: 22.0 tonnes
H/B = (2.4/2.4) =1
Number of rows = 3
Web lashings
LC = daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kN
STF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN

16. Cargo Securing example 2
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping
IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN
Rev prEN
EU Best Practice Guidelines - Cargo Securing (p.108)
Equation (11)
Equation (16)
where
m = 2 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 or 0.6 (table 2)
cz = 1.0 (table 2)
d = 1.2
b = 0.4
w = 0.8
FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8kN
N = 3
fs = 1.1
α = 90º
where
m = 2 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 (table 2)
cz = 1.0 (table 2)
h = 2.4
w = 2.4
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kn
α = 90º
Answer
n = 0.9/section
n = 5.4/section
n = 0.9/section

17. Cargo Securing example 2
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
11 top over lashings
(One lashing / section)
Acceleration factor cy = 0.5
Lashing force FT = STF
K-factor k = 2
Safety factor fs = 1.0
Internal friction considered EN
Acceleration factor cy = 0.7
Lashing force FT = STF
K-factor k = 1.5
Safety factor fs = 1.0
No instructions for internal friction
66 top over lashings
(Six lashings / section)
11 top over lashings
(One lashing / section)
Rev prEN
Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or cy = 0.6
Lashing force FT = STF or FT = 0.5  LC
K-factor k = 2
Safety factor fs = 1.1
Internal friction considered
Reasons for the difference:

18. Cargo Securing example 3
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping
Curtain sided trailer with strong headboard
Paper reels H2 H1 B1 B2
One layer
Two layers
Quantity = 36 reels in 12 sections
H × B = 1.3 × 1.1 m / reel
Weight = 650 kg / reel
Total cargo weight: 23.4 tonnes
H1/B1= (1.3/2.2)  0.6
H2/B2= (2.6/2.2)  1.2
Number of rows = 2
Static friction between floor and reel and between reels, static = 0.5
Friction factor = 0.46 (0.5  0.925)
Length = 13.6 m
Height = 2.55 m
Breadth = 2.48 m
Web lashings
LC = daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kN
STF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN

19. Cargo Securing example 3
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding
where
m1 = 1.3 tons (one layer)
m 2 = 2.6 tons (two layers)
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
µ = µest= (Annex B)
α1 = 85.6º
α2 = 87.8º
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
fs = 1.1
Rev prEN
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
m1 = 1.3 tons (one layer)
m2 = 2.6 tons (two layers)
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.35 (section 6.1)
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
α1 = 85.6º
α2 = 87.8º EN
n1 = 0.91/section
n2 = 1.82/section
No sliding
Equation (10)
Equation (6)
EU Best Practice Guidelines - Cargo Securing (p.108)
n1 = 0.20/section
n2 = 0.39/section
Answer

20. Cargo Securing example 3
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping - one layer
Rev prEN
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
where
m = 1.3 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
h = 1.3
w = 1.1
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α = 85.6º EN
m = 1.3 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)
cy = 1.0 g (table 2)
d = 0.65
b = 0.55
FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8 kN
N = 2
fs = 1.1
α =85.6º
Equation (16)
Equation (11)
EU Best Practice Guidelines - Cargo Securing (p.108)
No tipping
Answer

21. Cargo Securing example 3
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping - two layers
Rev prEN
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
where
m = 2.6 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
h = 2.6
w = 1.1
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α = 87.8º EN
m = 2.6 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)
d = 1.3
b = 0.55
FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8 kN
N = 2
fs = 1.1
Equation (16)
Equation (11)
EU Best Practice Guidelines - Cargo Securing (p.108)
n2 = 0.5/section
n2 = 4.6/section
n2 = 0.7/section
Answer

22. Cargo Securing example 3 Reasons for the difference:
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
9 top over lashings
(One lashing / 4 tonnes of cargo to prevent tipping and wandering)
Static friction s = 0.5
Acceleration factor cy = 0.5
Lashing force FT = STF
K-factor k = 2
Safety factor fs = 1.0
Internal friction considered EN
Dynamic friction µd = 0.7s= 0.35
Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 (sliding) and cy = 0.7 (tipping)
Lashing force FT = STF
K-factor k = 1.5
Safety factor fs = 1.0
No instructions for internal friction
36 top over lashings
(five lashings/section when loaded in two layers to prevent sliding and tipping, and one lashing/section when loaded in one layer to prevent sliding)
Rev prEN
Friction factor µ = 0.45
Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or cy = 0.6
Lashing force FT = STF or FT = 0.5  LC
K-factor k = 2
Safety factor fs= 1.1
Internal friction considered
10 top over lashings
(five lashings / six sections loaded in two layers to prevent tipping, and one lashing / 1-2 sections of cargo loaded in one layer to prevent sliding)
Reasons for the difference:

23. Cargo Securing example 4 Heat exchanger with steel feet
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping
Truck with plyfa floor
Heat exchanger with steel feet
The heat exchanger is blocked in forward direction.
H × B × L = 2.0 × 0.9 × 2.1 m
Centre of gravity: h × b × l =
1.35 × 0.45 × 1.05 m
Weight = 2000 kg = 2 tonnes
h/b= (1.35/0.45) = 3.0
Number of rows = 1
Static friction µstatic = 0.4 and friction factor µ = 0.45
Length = 8. m
Height = 2.55 m
Breadth = 2.48 m
Breadth between lashing points = 2.36 m
Web lashings
LC = daN = 1,6 tonnes = 16 kN
STF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN

24. Cargo Securing example 4
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding
IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN
Rev prEN
Equation (6)
Equation (10)
EU Best Practice Guidelines - Cargo Securing (p.108)
where
m = 2 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.28 (section 6.1)
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α = 70º
where
m = 2 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
µ = µest= 0.46 (Annex B)
α = 70º
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
fs = 1.1
Answer
n = 0.6
n = 2.7
n = 0.7

25. Cargo Securing example 4
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping
IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN
Rev prEN
EU Best Practice Guidelines - Cargo Securing (p.108)
Equation (11) modified for centre of gravity off centre
Equation (16)
where
m = 2 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
d = 1.35
b = 0.45
h = 2.0
w = 0.9
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton = 4 kN
α = 70º
where
m = 2 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
d = 1.35
b = 0.45
w = 0.9
FT = STF or LC/2 = 4 kN or 6.5kN
N = 2
fs = 1.1
α = 70º
Answer
n = 1.25
n = 30.0
n = 1.9

26. Cargo Securing example 4 Reasons for the difference:
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
2 top over lashings
Static friction s = 0.4
Acceleration factor cy = 0.5
Lashing force FT = STF
K-factor k = 2
Safety factor fs = 1.0 EN
Dynamic friction µd = 0.7  s= 0.28
Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 (sliding) and cy = 0.7 (tipping)
Lashing force FT = STF
K-factor 1.5
Safety factor fs = 1.0
30 top over lashings
2 top over lashings
Rev prEN
Friction factor µ = 0.45
Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or cy = 0.6
Lashing force FT = STF
or FT = 0.5  LC
K-factor k = 2
Safety factor fs = 1.1
Reasons for the difference:

27. Comparison between the different guidelines for road transport
Cargo Securing
Comparison between the different guidelines for road transport

28. Comparison between the different guidelines for road transport
Cargo Securing
Comparison between the different guidelines for road transport

29. SAFE ENOUGH! Cargo Securing IMO/ILO/UN EN 12195-1 ECE (Dec 2003)
(2001) EN
(Dec 2003)
Rev prEN
(Jan 2009)

30. IRU Academy Checklist on Safe Loading and Cargo Securing
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31. IRU Academy Interactive Programme on Safe Loading and Cargo Securing
Coming soon!

32. Worldwide Excellence in Road Transport Training