1. NATURAL GAS GEOLOGY Geology
Discuss various Shale deposits across Country.
Concentrate on Pennsylvania and Ohio region

2. NATURAL GAS GEOLOGY Geology
Discuss various Shale deposits across Country.
Concentrate on Pennsylvania and Ohio region

3. NATURAL GAS GEOLOGY
GLOSSARY

4. Natural Gas Basics GEOLOGY
Discuss multiple casings pipe require briefly can expand in extraction & completion section
Discuss Geology , Out cropping, Stratigraphic layering of formations, depth, complexities, how these layers were formed (ancient sea floor, sedimentation).
More specific detail can be discussed in the drilling and completion section

5. Porosity and Permeability
Calcite Cementing
LIMESTONE FORMATIONS
ORISKANY
Sand Grains
TIGHT SAND
Silt
Sand
Clay
Tight sand or shale, refers to the porosity of the formation, what this means is that the microscopic spaces (pores) between the individual particles making up the formation are extremely small( tight). Because of this , the completion techniques and procedures ( fracturing or reservoir stimulations) used to extract the gas or oil can be more difficult and complex.
Upper right is a typical sandstone formation:
Medina sands
Grimsby
Rose run
Upper Left is typical of formations in the midcontinent area
Dakota
Kiowa
Bottom is typical of Shale formations
Marcellus
Utica
TIGHT SHALE FORMATION
Permeability enhanced with propant
Reservoir Types

6. MARCELLUS / UTICA DEVELOPMENT
Utica underlying Marcellus
Points to discuss:
Sweet spots:
NE PA – Susquehanna/Bradford/Tioga Counties – some wells are 30 mmcf/day production when industry would have been satisfied at 10 mmcf/day. Cities – Towanda, Mansfield, Tunkhannock/Montrose
SW PA – Washington/Green County
SE Ohio – Belmont, Harrison, Carroll, Noble, Guernsey, Monroe
Marcellus ranges from 5,000 feet to 9,000 + feet in Pennsylvania
Source for Map: EIA

7. MARCELLUS DEVELOPMENT
Why is it called Marcellus Shale?
The Devonian Marcellus Formation (or Marcellus Shale) is the major sedimentary bedrock unit under the Allegheny Plateau Region of North America.
It gets it's name from the original outcropping found near Marcellus, New York, during a geological survey in 1839.
Source: Penn State Cooperative Extension

8. MARCELLUS DEVELOPMENT
Source:
Points to Discuss:
Line between wet and dry gas.
Why rigs migrate across this line – price of natural gas vs. wet gas vs. oil
Check latest gas vs. crude oil price comparison at

9. UTICA DEVELOPMENT Why is it called Utica Shale?
The Utica Shale is divided in the Mohawk Valley into upper and lower parts by a tongue of the Dolgeville Formation. The lower portion of the Utica is named the Flat Creek Member and the upper, the Indian Castle Member. Source: GNU records (USGS DDS-6; Reston GNULEX).
The name originates from the city of Utica, NY, as it was first described by Ebenezer Emmons in Source: Emmons, Ebenezer, 1842, Geology of New York; Part II, Survey of the second geological district: New York State Museum, p437.

10. UTICA DEVELOPMENT www.shaletec.org
Utica development: Still early in development process, appears liquid rich but lacks reservoir pressure to produce these liquids (crude oil, Ngl’s). Further research and engineering in the areas of completion and extraction will be required to unlock this resource in some areas.
Discussion:
Areas central Ohio, SW Pennsylvania, possible
Geology Tight Organic Shale with high Clay content
Depth 8,000 to 10,000 feet deep
engineering
Source: Hulver, 1997; Rowan, 2006, Ohio Geological Society Survey

11. NATURAL GAS GEOLOGY REVIEW
Name the 2 shale formations in Pennsylvania
Name 1 shale formation in the Mid Continent area
How deep is the Utica and Marcellus?
Is the Marcellus above or below the Utica?

12. Spill Prevention ed
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