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Class Aves Feathers No teeth Flexible long neck Scales on legs
One occipital condyle Scales on legs Bones with air spaces Endothermic Four chambered heart
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Bird Classification 28 orders 9600 species
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1) Subclass Archaeornithes - Old birds
Ancestral birds; Extinct; (Jurassic Fossils) 2) Subclass Neornithes - New birds i) Superorder Odontognathae - Toothed birds; Extinct; (Cretaceous Fossils) ii) Superorder Paleognathae - "Ancient Jaw" Modern birds with a primitive palate 5 Orders iii) Superorder Neognathae - "New Jaw" Modern birds with a modern (flexible) palate 25 Orders
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Subclass Archaeornithes
Old birds Ancestral birds; Extinct; (Jurassic Fossils) Archaeopteryx
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Archaeopteryx Oldest known fossils from late Jurassic period
Bird Characteristics: feathers, hollow bones and furcula (wishbone that stabilized shoulder joint for flight) Dinosaur Characteristics: teeth, claws on forelimbs and long, bony tail
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Superorder Paleognathae
a) Reduced keel Order TINAMIFORMES Tinamous b) No keel & flightless (Ratites) Order STRUTHIONIFORMES Ostrich Order RHEIFORMES Rheas Order CASUARIIFORMES Emu & Cassowaries Order DINORNITHIFORMES extinct Order APTERYGIFORMES Kiwis
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Order Struthioniformes
Large flightless bird Two toes
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iii) Superorder Neognathae - "New Jaw”
GALLIFORMES Gallinaceous birds 290 species ANSERIFORMES Waterfowl & Screamers 162 species SPHENISCIFORMES Penguins 17 species GAVIIFORMES Loons 5 species PROCELLARIIFORMES Tubenoses 112 species PODICIPEDIFORMES Grebes 22 species PHOENICOPTERIFORMES Flamingoes 5 species CICONIIFORMES Storks, Herons, Ibises 116 species PELECANIFORMES Full-webbed Swimmers 65 species FALCONIFORMES Diurnal birds of prey 304 species GRUIFORMES Cranes, rails, & allies 212 species CHARADRIIFORMES Shorebirds, gulls, & allies 367 species
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COLUMBIFORMES Pigeons & doves 308 species
PSITTACIFORMES Parrots 364 species OPISTHOCOMIFORMES Hoatzin 1 species MUSOPHAGIFORMES Turacos 23 species CUCULIFORMES Cuckoos 138 species STRIGIFORMES Owls 180 species CAPRIMULGIFORMES Nightjars & allies 118 species APODIFORMES Swifts & hummingbirds 429 species COLIIFORMES Mousebirds 6 species TROGONIFORMES Trogons 39 species CORACIIFORMES Kingfishers, & allies 209 species PICIFORMES Woodpeckers, & allies 398 species PASSERIFORMES Perching birds 5753 species
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ORDER SPHENISCIFORMES
Heavy body Flightless Flipperlike wings for swimming Well-insulated with fat Example: penguins
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Order Pelecaniformes Gular sac
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Order Ciconiiformes Long legs for wading Long necks
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Order Anseriformes Flat bill Webbed feet
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Order Falconiformes Hooked bill Talons Eagle Hawk Falcon
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Order Passeriformes Perching foot Songbirds 5000 species Mocking bird
Thrushes Swallows Magpie Crow Starling Jays
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Order Columbiformes Short neck Short legs Pigeons Doves
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Order Strigiformes Large eyes Silent flight Nocturnal predator Owls
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Order Apodiformes Small bird Rapid wingbeat Hummingbirds
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Order Galliformes Chicken like Strong beaks Heavy feet Chicken Turkey
Pheasants Quail
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Order Charadriiformes
Short bill Strong fliers Shorebirds Gulls
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Order Psittaciformes Thick tongue Hinged and movable upper beak
Bright colors Parrots Parakeets
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Adaptations for Flight
Honey combed bones Air cavities Less weight Copy me
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Adaptations for Flight
Enlarged sternum Flight muscle attachment Long neck balance Copy me
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Adaptations for Flight
Wing lift Copy me
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Adaptations for Flight
Feathers Light weight Strong Copy me
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Adaptations for Flight
Reduce body weight No teeth No urinary bladder
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Digestive System Crop Proventriculus Gizzard Cloaca Storage Enzymes
Grind food Cloaca Waste Reproduction
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Vision Up to 8 times keener than human vision
Each eye moves indendtantly
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Respiratory System Nine air sacs Fresh air always moving
Connect to lungs and centers of bones Cools the bird Fresh air always moving
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