1. OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF PISTON ENGINES

2. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Engine Operating Principles

3. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Operating Cycles
Two-Stroke
Requires only one upstroke and one downstroke of the piston to complete the required series of events in the cylinders.
Completes the operating cycle in one revolution of the crankshaft.
What are the sequence of events that take place to convert the chemical energy into mechanical energy?

4. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Intake
Compression
Ignition
Power
Exhaust

5. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Two-Stroke

6. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Four-stroke
Four strokes required
to complete the events.
Two revolutions of the
crankshaft (720°) are
required to complete
the four strokes.

7. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Engine Power And Efficiency
Work = Force x Distance
Horsepower = ft-lb per min or ft-lb per sec
33,

8. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Piston Displacement
The greater the piston displacement the greater the horsepower an engine will develop.
The volume displaced by a piston is its displacement.
Expressed in cubic inches.

9. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Piston Displacement
PD = Area of cross section of cylinder multiplied by total distance the piston moves.
V = A x H

10. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Compression Ratio
Comparison of the volume of space in a cylinder when the piston is at the bottom of the stroke to the volume of space when the piston is at the top of the stroke.
The higher the engine compression ratio, the higher the engine efficiency (horsepower output) will be.

11. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP)
Average absolute pressure of the fuel/air charge in the intake manifold.
Measured in units of inches of mercury (Hg).
Dependent mostly on ambient air pressure, engine speed, and throttle setting.
Supercharging increases MAP.

12. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Compression Ratio & Manifold Pressure.
Determines the pressure in the cylinder when both valves are closed.
Pressure of charge before compression is determined by the manifold pressure.
Pressure at the height of compression is determined by manifold pressure times the compression ratio.

13. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Absolute & Gauge Pressure.
Absolute Pressure
Identifies the pressure measurement as one that is based on a comparison of the pressure in the manifold with pressure at absolute zero.
Gauge Pressure
Compares the pressure being measured against ambient pressure.

14. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Indicated Horsepower
Horsepower calculated from the indicated mean effective pressure and the other factors which affect the power output of an engine.
The power developed in the combustion chamber without reference to the friction losses within the engine.

15. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Brake Horsepower (BHP)
The power delivered from the engine to the propeller for useful work.
Total horsepower lost due to friction is subtracted from indicated horsepower.
The measurement of an engine’s BHP involves the measurement of torque.
Torque = Force times distance

16. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Friction Horsepower
Indicated horsepower minus brake horsepower.

17. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Friction And Brake Mean Effective Pressure
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure
Pressure used to create frictionless power.
Friction Mean Effective Pressure
The pressure used to overcome internal friction.
Brake Mean Effective Pressure
The pressure used to produce useful work.

18. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Thrust Horsepower
The result of the engine and propeller working together.
The ratio of thrust horsepower and brake horsepower delivered to the propeller shaft will never be equal.
Determines the performance of the engine-propeller combination.

19. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Efficiencies
Thermal Efficiency
The ratio of useful work done by an engine to the heat energy of the fuel it uses, expressed in work or heat units.
Mechanical Efficiency
The ratio that shows how much of the power developed by the expanding gases in the cylinder is actually delivered to the output shaft.

20. Piston Engine Theory Of Operation
Efficiencies
Volumetric Efficiency
A comparison of the volume of fuel/air charge inducted into the cylinders to the total piston displacement of the engine.