1. Fraud Presentation By
Tim Stepp

2. Introduction
Asset misappropriation schemes are the most common type of occupational fraud, comprising 87% of the cases reported; they have a median loss of $120,000.
Occupational fraud is a significant threat to small businesses. The smallest organizations suffer the largest median losses. These organizations typically employ fewer anti-fraud controls than their larger counterparts, which increases their vulnerability to fraud.
The most common factor of not reporting fraud is fear of bad publicity, followed by a determination that the organization’s internal sanctions were sufficient punishment for the misconduct.

3. Statistics
The typical organization loses an estimated 5% of its annual revenues to occupational fraud.
An estimated 49% of victim organizations do not recover any losses that they suffer due to fraud.
Less than 16% of victims make a full recovery through restitution, insurance claims or other means.

4. How Occupational Fraud is Committed

5. How Occupational Fraud is Committed

6. Occupational Fraud Duration
The median duration — the amount of time from when the fraud first occurs to when it is discovered — is 18 months.
However, the duration of cases in each category of fraud range from 12 months (for register disbursement schemes and non-cash schemes) to 36 months (for payroll schemes).

7. Primary Internal Control Weaknesses

8. Anti-Fraud Measures
Anti-fraud measures can be implemented at a marginal cost in many small organizations and can greatly increase the ability to prevent and detect fraud.
A Code of Conduct
Anti-fraud training programs
Formal management review of controls and processes
Job rotation
Mandatory vacation policies
Rewards for whistleblowers
Surprise audits

9. Anti-Fraud Measures – Compensating Controls
Accounts Payable
No blank checks are signed
Checks must be supported by cancelled documentation
Sr. Mgmt reviews A/P aging report for old balances
Sr. Mgmt reviews change report to the master A/P file
Accounts Receivable
Segregate A/R posting and bank deposit
Send statements to customers
Sr. Mgmt reviews bank statement prior to anyone else in the organization
Sr. Mgmt reviews A/R aging – look for partial payments and verify accuracy

10. Anti-Fraud Measures – Compensating Controls
Payroll
Sr. Mgmt reviews monthly change report to payroll files
Sr. Mgmt reviews tax payments for validity
Sr. Mgmt reviews periodic payroll reconciliations
Payroll complaints go to someone other than payroll processor
Journal Entries
Sr. Mgmt reviews all journal entries posted (weekly or monthly basis)
Sr. Mgmt reviews reconciliations between the general ledger and:
Bank statements
A/R aging/subledger
A/P aging/subledger
Payroll reports

11. Fraud Prevention Checklist
The most cost-effective way to limit fraud losses is to prevent fraud from occurring. This checklist is designed to help organizations test the effectiveness of their fraud prevention measures.

12. Fraud Prevention Checklist
Is ongoing anti-fraud training provided to all employees of the organization?
❑ Do employees understand what constitutes fraud?
❑ Have the costs of fraud to the company and everyone in it — including lost profits, adverse publicity, job loss and decreased morale and productivity — been made clear to employees?
❑ Do employees know where to seek advice when faced with uncertain ethical decisions, and do they believe that they can speak freely?
❑ Has a policy of zero-tolerance for fraud been communicated to employees through words and actions?

13. Fraud Prevention Checklist
2. Is an effective fraud reporting mechanism in place?
❑ Have employees been taught how to communicate concerns about known or potential wrongdoing?
❑ Do employees trust that they can report suspicious activity anonymously and/or confidentially and without fear of reprisal?
❑ Has it been made clear to employees that reports of suspicious activity will be promptly and thoroughly evaluated?
❑ Do reporting policies and mechanisms extend to vendors, customers and other outside parties?

14. Fraud Prevention Checklist
3. To increase employees’ perception of detection, are the following proactive measures taken and publicized to employees?
❑ Is possible fraudulent conduct aggressively sought out, rather than dealt with passively?
❑ Does the organization send the message that it actively seeks out fraudulent conduct through fraud assessment questioning by auditors?

15. Fraud Prevention Checklist
4. Is the management climate/tone at the top one of honesty and integrity?
❑ Are employees surveyed to determine the extent to which they believe management acts with honesty and integrity?
❑ Are performance goals realistic?
❑ Have fraud prevention goals been incorporated into the performance measures against which managers are evaluated and which are used to determine performance-related compensation?
❑ Has the organization established, implemented and tested a process for oversight of fraud risks by the board of directors or others charged with governance (e.g., the audit committee)?

16. Fraud Prevention Checklist
5. Are fraud risk assessments performed to proactively identify and mitigate the company’s vulnerabilities to internal and external fraud?
6. Are strong anti-fraud controls in place and operating effectively, including the following?
❑ Proper separation of duties
❑ Use of authorizations
❑ Physical safeguards
❑ Job rotations
❑ Mandatory vacations

17. Fraud Prevention Checklist
7. Does the hiring policy include the following (where permitted by law)?
❑ Past employment verification
❑ Criminal and civil background checks
❑ Credit checks
❑ Drug screening
❑ Education verification
❑ References check

18. Fraud Prevention Checklist
8. Are employee support programs in place to assist employees struggling with addictions, mental/emotional health, family or financial problems? 9. Is an open-door policy in place that allows employees to speak freely about pressures, providing management the opportunity to alleviate such pressures before they become acute? 10. Are anonymous surveys conducted to assess employee morale?

19. ©2012 Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, Inc.
About the ACFE
Copies of the 2012 Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse are available from: Association of Certified Fraud Examiners World Headquarters • The Gregor Building 716 West Avenue • Austin, TX • USA (800) (USA & Canada) (0800) (United Kingdom) +1 (512) (International) Fax: +1 (512) ACFE.com
©2012 Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, Inc.