1. RECOGNIZE WHAT FACTORS AFFECT THE SPEED OF SOUND
MEDIUM
-rubber slows vibrations, used as soundproofing
2. Temperature
-higher the temperature, faster the sound
3. STATES OFMATTER
-In gas depends on velocity and mass
-travels fastest in solids, then liquids because of orientation of molecules

2. RELATE LOUDNESS AND PITCH TO PROPERTIES OF SOUND WAVES
-greater the amplitude, louder the sound
-distance from source
- measured in decibels (120 dB deafness)
PITCH
- How high or low a note sounds
- high pitch made by rapid vibrations
- low pitch made by slow vibrations
-humans hear between vibrations(Hz)

3. Pitch ranges of hearing

4. The Intensity of Some Common Sounds

5. Explain how harmonics and resonance affect the sound from musical instruments
- when the instrument has fundamental frequency and whole number multiples of that frequency (complex wave)
-unique sound of each instrument comes from the relative intensity of different harmonics in each note
RESONANCE
- instrument vibrates in response to strings vibrating
- natural frequencies: response of instrument to vibrate at certain specific frequencies in tune with the strings
- natural frequency: instrument’s mass, shape and size, medium
- amplified- instruments need this if do not resonate well
How instruments work:
- grouped strings, air, column, membranes
- work by standing waves:
- change pitch by changing length of strings, or opening of holes
- Fundamental frequency: frequency of the string’s vibrations

6. Describe the function of the ear

7. Audition- The Ear

8. Explain how sonar and ultrasound imaging work
Sonar
(sound navigation and ranging)
a. Distance to ocean floor D=1/2vt
b. organisms that use sonar: bats, dolphins, whales

9. ULTRASOUND IMAGING SONOGRAMS frequency of 1 million-15 million Hz
A. MEDICAL USES OF:
a. diagnose problems
b. guide surgical procedure
c. view unborn fetuses
B. NONMEDICAL USES OF:
a. locate hairline fractures in metal support beams and machinery
b. clean jewelry, dentures, and small machinery
2. ADVANTAGE of ultra vs x-ray
a. doesn’t harm living cells

10. Section 12.1 review questions
What is the human range of hearing?
Musical instruments produce ___waves?
What does harmonics do for instruments?
What does resonance do for instruments?
Medium
Speed of sound m/s
Gases
Air(0°C)=331
Air(25°C)= 346
Air(100°C)= 386
hydrogen(0°C)= 1290
Liquids
Water= 1490
Sea water= 1530
solids
Copper= 3813
Iron= 5000
Rubber= 54

11. Review for Ear
What is sonar?
Name 3 organisms that use sonar.
Give the formula used to determine depth using sonar.
What is a sonogram?
Name 5 medical uses of Sonar.
What is the advantage of sonar over x-rays?
Name 3 nonmedical uses of Sonar
Try to sketch and label from memory the parts of the ear.
Name the regions of the ear?
Where does resonance occur in the ear?

12. Recognize that light has both wave and particle characteristics
Wave characteristics
a Thomas Young
interference pattern in light so modeled wave
b. model supported by interference, reflection, and refraction
Particle characteristics
a Albert Einstein explain photoelectric effect
b. photons are bundles of energy which can eject elecrtons from a metal plate
c. model is supported by dim blue light knocking electrons off a metal plate while bright red light cannot.
d. Explains how light can travel without a medium

13. Vision * Accommodation Retina
the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus the image of objects on the retina
Retina
the light-sensitive inner surface of eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

14. Vision
Rods
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray
necessary for peripheral and twilight vision
* Cones
receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of retina
function in daylight or well-lit conditions
detect fine detail and give rise to color sensation

15. The Eye
Optic Nerve: nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Blind Spot: point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because there are no receptor cells located there

16. Vision

17. Retina’s Reaction to Light

18. Vision--Receptors Receptors in the Human Eye Number Location in retina
Cones
Rods
Number
Location in
retina
Sensitivity in
dim light
Color sensitive?
Yes
Low
Center
6 million No
High
Periphery
120 million

19. Pathways from the Eyes to the Visual Cortex

20. Visual Information Processing

21. Visual Information Processing
Feature Detectors
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus
shape
angle
movement
Stimulus
Cell’s
responses

22. Visual Information Processing ***
Abstraction:
Brain’s higher-level cells
respond to combined
information from
feature-detector cells
Feature detection:
Brain’s detector cells
respond to elementary
features-bars, edges, or
gradients of light
Retinal processing:
Receptor rods and
conesbipolar cells
 ganglion cells
Recognition:
Brain matches the
constructed image with
stored images
Scene

23. Visual Information Processing
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (three color) Theory
the retina contains three different retinal color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, and one to blue- which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color

24. Explain why objects appear to be different colors
Objects have color because they reflect certain wavelengths of light( all other light is absorbed)
a. brain receives signals from certain comb. of photoreceptors cells in the retina
b. receptors are three kinds of cone cells, one each for red, green, and blue.
c. Color is just the way our brain interpret certain signals

25. Color-Deficient Vision
People who suffer red-green blindness have trouble perceiving the number within the design

26. Relate the energy of light to the frequency of electromagnetic waves

27. Electromagnetic spectrum

28. Uses of electromagnetic waves

29. Review for section 12.2
Light is described as a transverse wave that doesn’t require a ______ to travel
Who introduced photons?
Photons do not have mass, they are more like little bundles of ______.
Most scientists accept both models of light. Some believe that light has a “_______ ______”
Speed depends on _____.
What happens to speed of light as medium density increases?
Brightness depends on ______ or the number of photons or waves.

30. PORTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
OCCURANCES
PORTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
RADAR
SMALLEST PORTION OF THE ES
TELECOMMUNICATION
HIGHEST ENERGY WAVES
TV SIGNALS
CAUSES SUNBURN
USED BY RESTAURANTS TO KEEP FOOD WARM
HEAT
AM/FM
USE SUNSCREEN FOR PROTECTION
IMMEDIATELY ABOVE VISIBLE LIGHT IN THE ES
SHORTEST WAVELENGTH
COOKING
LONGEST WAVELENGTH
CAN PRODUCE IMAGES OF BODY ORGANS

31. Describe how light reflects off smooth and rough surfaces
Smooth Surfaces:
A. light rays are reflected in one direction
a. angle of incidence: striking surface rays
b. angle of reflection: reflecting light rays
c. normal: line perpendicular to the surface at the point where the light hits the mirror.
Rough surfaces:
a. Diffuse reflection: Light rays are reflected in many directions

32. Explain the law of reflection
THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE EQUALS THE ANGLE OF REFLECTION
- Angle of incidence and angle of reflection are measured from the normal, not from the surface of the mirror

33. Show how mirrors form real and virtual images
Flat mirrors form virtual images by reflection
a. virtual image: an image that forms at a point from which light rays appear to come but do not actually come
b. appears to exist in a certain place but there are no light rays there
2. Curved mirrors distort images
convex mirrors: bulge out
also called converging or positive
concave mirrors: indented in also calleddiverging or negative
3. Concave mirrors create real images
a. real image: an image of an object formed by many light rays coming together in a specific location
b. light rays really exist at the a point where the image appears

36. Describe how colors may be added or subtracted
Additive primary colors: red, green and blue
Secondary colors: yellow, cyan, and magenta
Subtractive primary colors: reverse secondary colors to reproduce primary
Black: the absence of color