1. Continental Drift
and
Plate Tectonics

2. Wegener
earthobservatory.nasa.gov
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift.

3. Continental
drift
Continental drift was Wegener’s theory that all continents had once been joined together in a single landmass and have drifted apart since.
Wegener named this supercontinent Pangaea.
Wegener’s theory was rejected by scientists because he could not explain what force pushes or pulls continents.
Continental drift video clip

4. Wegener searched and found three main pieces of evidence.
Geologic - evidence in the layers
of rocks across continents
Fossil - evidence in the places
certain fossils are found
Climate - evidence in the changing
climates during the past

5. Wegener searched and found three main pieces of evidence.
Geologic - evidence in the layers
of rocks across continents
Fossil - evidence in the places
certain fossils are found
Climate - evidence in the changing
climates during the past

6. Geologic
evidence
Fit of Continents Across the Atlantic Mountain ranges in South America line up exactly with those in Africa!

7. Fossil evidence Notice how fossils lined up across continents!
Notice how fossils lined up across continents!

8. Climate change Amazing Facts: Did you know...
...that India was once in the Southern Hemisphere connected to Antarctica?
...that North America was once surrounded by warm, tropical seas?
...that Africa was once covered by glaciers, which were kilometers in thickness?
...that the Sahara desert was once a tropical rain forest?

9. An example of the proof for changing climate:
At one time, the area that is New Mexico was below the equator!
As North America has drifted to different latitudes, changing climates were experienced. This shows the changes in the state of New Mexico.

10. Wegener's problem
He could not find the force that was causing the continents to drift.
Because of this, he could not convince anyone that continents could move.
He died in Greenland on an expedition.
At the time of his death, no one believed his hypothesis!
Technology developed during the 1940’s changed all that!

11. Discovery of Sea-Floor Spreading
Sea floor spreading video clip

12. Sea-Floor Spreading m.y. means million years ago
Notice this compass. It is important for the next slide

13. Amazing proof of that the inner core flips!
As the sea floor spreads, the lava cools according to the magnetic poles at the time. The rocks on the ocean floor have proved that the earth’s magnetic field sometimes reverses. The inner core flips and so the north pole moves to the southern hemisphere! The earthh itself does not flip.

14. What causes sea floor spreading? Convection currents!

15. Can you explain this diagram?
Click here for a hyperlink to an animation of convection
Be sure to click the play button!

16. Animation of sea floor spreading
Can you explain this diagram!?

17. The place where two plates move apart or diverge is called a divergent boundary.

18. This is a model of sea floor spreading at a divergent boundary called a mid ocean ridge.

19. :
Did you know that the Earth’s longest mountain range is underwater and is called the mid-ocean ridge?
The Mid-Ocean Ridge system, shown above snaking its way between the continents, is more than 56,000 kilometers (35,000 mi) long. It circles the earth like the stitching on a baseball!

20. Three Types of Plate Boundaries
Theory of Plate Tectonics
Three Types of Plate Boundaries

21. Plates can also move together!
A convergent boundary is where two plates come together, or converge. The result of the plates hitting together is called a collision.

22. Plates can also slide past each other.
A transform boundary is a place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions.

23. There are three conbinations of how earth's crust can come together.
Continental crust to continental
Continental crust to oceanic
Oceanic crust to oceanic

24. Continental crust to continental crust collision
Before collision
India-Asia (Himalayas)
After collision
from:

25. Himalaya Mountains formed
This is how the
Himalaya Mountains formed
Also the way the Appalachian Mountains formed!

26. Because one plate gets pushed under another, it is called subduction
Because one plate gets pushed under another, it is called subduction. This is where volcanoes form!
Oceanic crust colliding with oceanic crust
Oceanic crust colliding with continental crust
all from:

27. The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle is called
subduction

28. Worldwide Earthquake patterns help us know where the edges of plates are located

29. The Earth’s Plates

30. Here you see the two slides together. What do you see?