1. Key issues
Why – objectives: CBM (in this case) but be clear on each stakeholder’s objectives
What is their involvement – level of participation identified and clear from the outset
Who is involved – Stakeholders identified and kind of participation agreed and clear
How – attitudes and behaviour, methods and process design
At the beginning of a new session or day remember to recap previous concepts

2. How (to facilitate participation)?
Attitudes and behaviour √
Methods – e.g. PRA/PLA tools
Good process

3. Participatory Rural Appraisal Participatory Learning and Action
PRA / PLA is a family of approaches and methods to enable local people to share, enhance and analyse their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan and to act.
Also may be appropriate for participants to carry out some individual reading on PLA/PRA/RRA for example Chambers

4. Participatory Rural Appraisal Participatory Learning and Action
The behaviour and attitudes of outsider facilitators are crucial, including relaxing not rushing, showing respect, ‘handing over the stick’, and being self-critically aware.
Investigation, sharing and analysis is done by and for the people, and is often visual, and in groups.

5. Video
Key issues 2/2
Marker 2:50 of key issues video clip

6. Community steps 1. What is our situation?
2. Why these problems and what can we do?
3. Can the community agree a way forward?
4. How can we tell our plan is working?
Table showing relationship between the steps the community may be taking to address their issues and the process a support or facilitator team may consider

7. Community steps Facilitation steps 1. What is our situation?
1 Situation analysis
Generate relevant information for discussion and analysis about the local environment, resource use and problems
2. Why these problems and what can we do?
2 Learning & Awareness
Discuss traditional and scientific information important for understanding issues and planning actions
3. Can the community agree a way forward?
3 Action Planning
Select priority issues and develop actions to address these including time frame and responsible people/agencies
4. How can we tell our plan is working?
4 Monitoring plan
Develop and implement a monitoring plan during subsequent workshops and follow up
Table showing relationship between the steps the community may be taking to address their issues and the process a support or facilitator team may consider

8. Core of PLA
Facilitating: They do it, empowering and enabling villagers to do more or all of the investigation and analysis.
Our behavior and attitudes: the behavior and rapport of the facilitators is more important than the methods – asking villagers to teach us, “handing over the stick/pen”
A culture of sharing: of information, of methods, of food, of experiences

9. Core of PLA
Critical self-awareness: about our attitudes and behavior, learning from error, trying to do better – “Failing forwards”
Listening and learning instead of lecturing: “Knowledge should be on tap not on top” NOT Imposing our ideas and values on them, interrupting them, allowing our project pressures to affect the process
It must be fun

10. Community steps Facilitation steps PLA tools 1. What is our situation?
1 Situation analysis
Generate relevant information for discussion and analysis about the local environment, resource use and problems
Mapping
Historical profile / timeline
Seasonal calendar
2. Why these problems and what can we do?
2 Learning & Awareness
Discuss traditional and scientific information important for understanding issues and planning actions
Ecological and traditional knowledge
Stakeholder analysis
Problem trees
3. Can the community agree a way forward?
3 Action Planning
Select priority issues and develop actions to address these including time frame and responsible people/agencies
Issue discussion / ranking
Action plan / matrix
4. How can we tell our plan is working?
4 Monitoring plan
Develop and implement a monitoring plan during subsequent workshops and follow up
Link to Action plan
Table showing relationship between the steps the community may be taking to address their issues and the process a support or facilitator team may consider and including the types of tool (mostly PLA) that may be useful

11. Methods and tools e.g. PRA/PLA
Watch the following video and look out for these tools especially:
Mapping
Historical profile / timeline
Seasonal calendar
Matrix - Action plan
AND also watch how the facilitators behave

12. Video
Mangrove use in Pakistan
Video clip: PRA methods.mpeg

13. Mapping tool Form 4 groups
Methods
Mapping tool
Form 4 groups
One of the group is randomly selected as facilitator and must facilitate the group following the advice received in this course. One of the group is observer and watches process noting good things and things that could be improved of facilitator.
Facilitator follows the guidelines in the handout for mapping and using the example of …….
Make sure that you end by getting the group to note on separate post-its things they think need to be changed i.e. problems (one thing per post it)
45 minutes
Good to give the group a prepared handout (see HO mapping.doc) so the group has guidance and has some further background on the tool to consider. The trainer should choose a location for the participants that most are familiar with if possible.

14. Methods
Mapping debrief
Show maps and consider the way they have been done – whose has most useful information and why?
Facilitator encouraged discussion?
Challenging for facilitator to keep knowledge “on tap”
Time and pressure
See mapping guidelines handout

16. Methods
Mapping comments
Attitudes – questioning technique, probing – did the facilitator encourage discussion
Biases – who in, who left out etc.
Work the map – interview the map
Careful of “interpreting”
Awareness and be self critical
Triangulation
Value of diversity – represent different interests, don’t lose the detail

17. Methods
Historical profile
Used to stimulate discussion on changes affecting the community and possible causes – useful for e.g. resource degradation or development
An example format could be:
Changes
1960
1980
Present
Population
Number of houses
Etc.
Mangroves
Fishing areas
Amount of fish caught
Fishing Methods

18. Historical profile practical
4 groups
New randomly selected facilitator
Facilitate the group using the handout to discuss changes affecting …
30 minutes
Give out Handout on historical profiels

19. Historical profile Walk around and look at the other work
See who has most information
Discuss highlights

20. Some more key terms Facilitate Triangulate Optimal ignorance
Objective driven – not tools driven
Improvise

21. Video - Tools Look out for: Resource mapping Matrix scoring
Methods
Video - Tools
Vatulele - Ecowoman
Look out for:
Resource mapping
Matrix scoring
Network diagrams
Impact flow
Problem trees
Vatulele

22. Methods
Seasonal calendar
Seasonal calendars are tools to help your community chart periodic events such as agricultural events, marine resource use, fishing times, spawning or migration, changes in prices, times of high labour demand or the different ceremonies in the village.

23. Seasonal calendar jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec
Activities
Taro
eat
taro
copra
casav
apple
rest
Fish
hotel
fish
feast
Income
wage
Food from sea
e.g. Clams
rabbitfish x xx
xxx
etc

24. Seasonal calendar 4 groups New facilitator following handout
30 minutes
Give out Handout

25. Seasonal calendar Check other groups work
Which one seems most useful? Why?

26. Community steps Facilitation steps PLA tools 1. What is our situation?
1 Situation analysis
Generate relevant information for discussion and analysis about the local environment, resource use and problems
Mapping
Historical profile / timeline
Seasonal calendar
2. Why these problems and what can we do?
2 Learning & Awareness
Discuss traditional and scientific information important for understanding issues and planning actions
Ecological and traditional knowledge
Stakeholders
Problem trees
3. Can the community agree a way forward?
3 Action Planning
Select priority issues and develop actions to address these including time frame and responsible people/agencies
Issue discussion / ranking
Action plan / matrix
4. How can we tell our plan is working?
4 Monitoring plan
Develop and implement a monitoring plan during subsequent workshops and follow up
Link to Action plan

27. Practical exercise Participants divide into groups
Facilitate a meeting in nearby community/s for half a day
Spend 2-4 hours preparing teams
Debrief and evaluate on return
Remember to follow appropriate procedures for engaging with village – e.g. why are you there, what do they get out of it, permissions, meals/refreshment etc

28. Checklist for practical
Objectives e.g.
Practice and learn tools for CBRM
Share experience and awareness of local situation
Agenda and process
Intro
Group making
Tools
Plenary
Roles and jobs
Materials
Logistics (transport and food)
Follow-up and next steps
# teams:
Facilitator
Materials and support
Observer/note taker and asst. facilitator
Before the meeting agree who is what role
Make sure you have all the materials you need: paper, markers, post-its
Very important to keep to time
Agree agenda

29. Matrix for evaluation of practical exercise
Evaluate the work your group did, particularly:
Objectives
Groups and group-making
Tools
Facilitation
End/follow-up
Others? (timing, logistics, materials etc.)
Worked well
To improve