2. Difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross

3. Difference between phenotype and genotype

4. Difference between dominant and recessive

5. Difference between homozygous and heterozygous

6. Explain the Law of addition for genetic probability, provide example
The addition rule states that the probability that any two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilities.

7. Explain the Law of multiplication for genetic probability, provide example
The multiplication rule states that to determine this probability, we multiply the probability of one event by the probability of the other event. For example, by the multiplication rule, the probability that both coins will land heads up is ½ × ½ = ¼.

8. Describe a pedigree; what does each symbol and line represent
Collected information about a family for a specific trait assembled into a tree. Circles female square male. vertical lines indicate children. Line connecting square and circle illustrates marriage

9. Difference between incomplete and co-dominance
In codominance, the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways, such as in the human MN blood group, determined by the codominant alleles for two specific molecules located on the surface of red blood cells, the M and N molecules. In incomplete dominance, the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele; neither allele is completely dominant, and the F1 hybrids have a phenotype somewhere between those of the two parental varieties.

10. What are sex linked genes
Genes located on either the X or Y chromosome.

11. what are gene maps?
An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome

12. Explain what is meant when a gene is said to have multiple alleles, provide an example
Most genes exist in more than two allelic forms, for example, ABO blood groups.

13. What are linked genes?

14. Describe and illustrate the P, F1, and F2 generations

15. Explain Mendel’s law of independent assortment
Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation.

16. Explain pleiotropy and its importance in genetic disorders
Pleiotropy is the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects. In humans, pleiotropic alleles are responsible for multiple symptoms associated with certain hereditary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell disease.

17. Explain epistasis
Epistatis is a type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene.

18. What is polygenic inheritance
For many characters, such as human skin color and height, an either-or classification is impossible because the characters vary in the population in gradients along a continuum. 30. Quantitative variation usually indicates polygenic inheritance.

19. A male and female have 3 offspring all of which are female
A male and female have 3 offspring all of which are female. The couple is now pregnant again. What is the likelihood that the next child will be a female?
1/16
1/3
D, Each birth is independent of the previous birth. There is always a 50% chance
that the next individual birth will be a female. Be careful!- see next question

20. What is the likelihood that a couple will have 4 offspring all of which are female? (A) 1/16
(B) ¼
(C) 1/3
(D) ½
(E) ¾
A, Each individual birth represents a ½ chance of producing a female. The
likelihood that four consecutive births will all be female is (½)4 or 1/16.

21. The father must be type B The father could be type AB
A child is born with the blood type B. The mother of the child is blood type O. Which of the following statements is most correct?
The father must be type B
The father could be type AB
The father passed along a recessive allele
The mother could have passed along a type B allele
The mother could have passed along a dominant allele B
The child received a recessive i allele from his mother as she is ii. This is a
recessive allele. The father could be type B but could also be type AB. In
this case only answer choice that is feasible is choice B.

22. These 3 traits are all dominant.
If traits X, Y, and Z are consistently inherited together, which of the following best explains why this is the case?
These 3 traits are all dominant.
The parents both carry the dominant form of each trait.
These 3 traits are located on different chromosomes
These 3 traits are located close to each other on the same chromosome.
These 3 traits are located far from each other on the same chromosome. D
The genes that code for these traits appear to be linked. Linked genes are
located near one another on the same chromosome so that they are not often
separated during the process of crossing over in meiosis. The closer they are
to each other, the less likely they are to separate. Dominance is irrelevant in
this scenario.