1. Hosted by Dr. William J. Frey
Jeopardy
Hosted by
Dr. William J. Frey

2. Mountain Terrorist
Problem Solving
Ethics Tests
Contracts and Consent
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3. Shoot one in order to save nineteen falls under this ethical
What is Consequentialism or Utilitarianism?
Shoot one in order to save
nineteen falls under this ethical
approach.
Row 1, Col 1

4. One way of beginning this stage is to classify the problem as a
What is Problem Specification?
One way of beginning this stage
is to classify the problem as a
disagreement, conflict, or
harm.
1,2

5. This ethics test telescopes non-consequentialism. It asks us
What is Reversibility?
This ethics test telescopes
non-consequentialism. It asks us
to view the action under consider-
ation from the standpoint of those
affected by it.
1,3

6. Students exercise this right when they understand the terms of
What is the right of Free and Informed Consent?
Students exercise this right when
they understand the terms of
a course and exercise an un-
coerced choice as to whether to
continue or drop it.
1,4

7. The choice not to shoot a villager and to leave the village
What is Non-consequentialism or Deontology?
The choice not to shoot a villager
and to leave the village
best fits this ethical approach.
2,1

8. In this stage to problem-solving we examine our solution in terms
What is Solution Implementation?
In this stage to problem-solving
we examine our solution in terms
of resource, interest, and technical
constraints the situation could
impose.
2,2

9. This test has us assess an action in terms of its likely harms. We
What is the harm test?
This test has us assess an action
in terms of its likely harms. We
then choose that alternative
that minimizes harm.
2,3

10. This element of a social contract refers to its mutually beneficial
What is the Quid Pro Quo?
This element of a social contract
refers to its mutually beneficial
exchange, the something for
something clause.
2,4

11. You choose under this approach not to shoot the villager because
What is Virtue Theory or Virtue Ethics?
You choose under this approach
not to shoot the villager because
murder (killing an innocent
person) is not, given who you are,
the kind of thing you would do.
3,1

12. In this stage of problem-solving we use reversibility, harm, and
What is Solution Testing?
In this stage of problem-solving
we use reversibility, harm, and
publicity to assess the ethics of
our solution alternatives.
3,2

13. In this test we associate the agent with the moral quality of the act
What is the publicity test?
In this test we associate the agent
with the moral quality of the act
under consideration. Then we
ask if we would want to be
publicly associated with this
action.
3,3

14. Quid pro quo, informed consent, free consent, and a safe exit.
What are the elements of a Social Contract?
Quid pro quo, informed consent,
free consent, and a safe exit.
3,4

15. A forced choice between two equally bad alternatives.
What is a Dilemma?
A forced choice between two
equally bad alternatives.
4,1

16. In this stage of problem solving, we set aside criticism until we
What is solution generation?
In this stage of problem solving,
we set aside criticism until we
reach our quota. (This is a part
of brainstorming.)
4,2

17. This test balances two kinds of projection, an empathic pro-
What is the Reversibility Test?
This test balances two kinds
of projection, an empathic pro-
jection where we lose ourselves
in the perspective of the other
and an advisory test where we
occupy the other’s standpoint
but maintain awareness of our
own values and principles.
4,3

18. These enable and constrain the activities of a business organization
What are Environments of the Organization?
These enable and constrain the
activities of a business organization
or firm
4,4

19. Those of you who rejected the dilemma frame given with the
What is “Funny Business”?
Those of you who rejected the
dilemma frame given with the
Mountain Terrorist Exercise
fit into this category.
5,1

20. In this class or type of problem key values clash with one another
What is a conflict or value conflict?
In this class or type of problem
key values clash with one another
and it appears difficult or im-
possible to realize both at the
same time.
5,2

21. This test encapsulates or summarizes the consequentialist or
What is the Harm Test?
This test encapsulates or
summarizes the consequentialist or
utilitarian ethical perspective.
5,3

22. When blocked by a value or structured embodied in physical
What is a “Work Around”?
When blocked by a value or
structured embodied in physical
surroundings, we develop a
strategy that allows us to
continue acting
5,4

23. More on Consequentialism
In consequentialism, the moral worth of an action is determined by its results.
In Utilitarianism (a form of consequentialism) we try to design actions that maximize good results and minimize bad results.
This is called a “utility-maximizing” action.

24. Problem Specification
You can begin specification by classifying your problem as a disagreement (factual or conceptual), a conflict (between two or more values), or an impending harm.
You can also specify your problem by identifying the values at risk in a given situation. For example, David Jackson must act to preserve his integrity as a professional engineer.

25. Reversibility Consider “reversing with Hitler”
In an advisory projection, we enter into the standpoint of another but we retain our values and view the other’s perspective from a detached standpoint.
In an empathic projection, we completely immerse and lose ourselves in the perspective of the other.
Consider “reversing with Hitler”
In empathically reversing with Hitler, I take on all his immoral beliefs and attitudes.
In an advisory projection with Hitler, I retain my understanding that these are immoral. I maintain a critical distance.

26. Informed Consent
We will study this right in four contexts this semester:
Students can exit from a course if they fail to find the exchange goods and burdens of mutual benefit
Subjects of experiments should be informed of, comprehend, and consent to the benefits and risks attending participation
Patients should be informed of, comprehend, and consent to the risks attendant upon medical procedures. This includes risk assessment information communicated effectively and coupled with the manner in which patient perceive risks
The right to opt in to—and not merely opt out of—the transfer to third parties of their personal identifying information.

27. Deontology
In Non-consequentialism, the moral worth of an action lies in its formal characteristics, not in its consequences.
Deontology, a form of non-consequentialism, evaluates an action by seeing whether it conforms to a rule of right or duty.
Rights and duties hold regardless of consequences
These protect individuals and minorities because rights and duties can overrule or trump welfare.

28. Feasibility Test
A feasibility test provides a list of situation constraints that could possibly oppose the realization of a solution
The goal here is to anticipate these possible obstacles and work quickly to deflate them
Constraint checklist:
Resources—Is there enough time, resource, and money to realize the solution? If not, can these constraints be pushed back through negotiation?
Interests—Are their vested interests (supervisor, organization, government) that could oppose your solution. Can these be pushed back through negotiation?
Technical—Are there affordable technologies or manufacturing techniques to facilitate the realization of your solution or are these lacking?

29. Harm Test
The harm test “incapsulates” consequentialism because it focuses solution design and solution evaluation on the results, this time results that are risky or harmful.
This test works best when you are comparing solutions
The question, “Which is the least harmful solution, A, B, or C?” is more useful than the question, “Is A a harm-minimizing solution?”

30. Virtue Ethics
A virtue is an “active exercise of the faculties of the soul, in conformity with excellence or virtue, during a complete lifetime.” (Barbara Jancar, The Philosophy of Aristotle, Monarch Notes, 143)
The Greek word for virtue, arete, is better translated as excellence.
The excellence targeted by a virtue is best found by aiming for the mean between two extremes, one of excess, the other of defect
Courage is the mean between the extremes of cowardice and recklessness
Responsibility is the mean between too much responsibility (taking responsibility for more than one can handle) and too little repsonsibility (irresponsibility)
Virtue ethics focuses on the character of the agent rather than the characteristics of the action performed by the agent

31. Alternatives for Publicity Test
Values Test: What values are realized or preserved by the solution under consideration?
Moral Exemplar or Mentor Test: What would my mentor or someone I admire as an exemplar do in this situation
Virtue Test: What virtues does this solution realize or what would a person with X virtue do in this situation?

32. Dilemma Dilemma comes from two Greek words. Di means two
Lemma means solution or alternatives
A dilemma is literally a forced choice between two equally bad alternatives
When confronted with a dilemma, the best strategy is to dissolve rather than solve.