1. Introduction: Food as a Total Social Fact

2. Wrangham’s ‘Cooking Hypothesis’
‘We should indeed pin our humanity on cooks.’

3. Richard Wrangham, Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human (2010)
‘I believe that the transformative moment that gave rise to the genus Homo, one of the great transitions in the history of life, stemmed from the control of fire and the advent of cooked meals. Cooking increased the value of our food. It changed our bodies, our brains, our use of time, and our social lives. It made us into consumers of external energy and thereby created an organism with a new relationship to nature, dependent on fuel.’

4. ‘Evo Diet’ experiment (2006)
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5. Claude Lévi-Strauss
Food is both ‘good to eat’ and ‘good to think [with]’
In Brazil in the 1930s

6. Edmund Leach:
People ‘do not have to cook their food; they do so for symbolic reasons to show that they are men and not beasts’.

7. Dean Falk, Finding Our Tongues: Mothers, Infants and the Origins of Language (2009).
‘motherese’ (baby-talk)

8. 1973 study of 185 different cultures around the world:
Responsibility for preparing food lay with women in 97.8% of the cultures studied.

9. ‘why is eating nowadays so troublesome?’
Alan Warde and Luke Yates, ‘Focus: Food and Eating’, Discover Society 36 (6 Sept. 2016)

10. Food should be . .
‘ nutritious, aesthetically appealing, ethically justifiable and affordable.’
Alan Warde and Luke Yates, ‘Focus: Food and Eating’, Discover Society 36 (6 Sept. 2016)

11. Is food today both too cheap and too expensive?
7% - 15% of household incomes are spent on food in Western European and the US. 20% - 30% spent on food by most of the rest of the world.

12. Is food today both too cheap and too expensive?
Incomes for farmers world-wide have fallen dramatically since Wealth from food production goes to corporations and manufacturing, not farmers. (Harriet Friedmann, ‘Food Politics: New Dangers, New Possibilities’ (1995).)

13. Is food today both too cheap and too expensive?
The poorest 20% of British households spend twice as much of their household income on food as the national average. Over 1,000,000 UK households use food banks.

14. Food is about. . . ? Money profits Trade commodities technology
Pleasure fear Culture history community
Justice Ethics agriculture
Environment Health nutrition

15. A Total Social Fact
‘an activity that has implications throughout society, in the economic, legal, political, and religious spheres’ (see Marcel Mauss: ‘fait social total’)