1. Conflict Sensitivity aPPROACH

2. Issue Extension of State Services
{Kalaiya-based government services (land revenue and survey offices) to Simara of the same district}
Perception: District headquarters was being shifted from Kalaiya to Simara
The government withdrew the decision
Simara people to demonstrate against the decision

3. Conflict Operational definition:
a relationship between two or more parties (individuals or groups), who have or think they have, incompatible goals.

4. Conflict sensitivity
Conflict Sensitivity is defined as the capacity to:
Understand the context in which a project operates;
Understand the interactions between project operations and the context; and
Act upon the understanding of this interaction in order to avoid negative impacts and maximize positive impacts on the context and intervention.

5. Development and Conflict Sensitivity
Dark side/ Negative risk
Do more harm than good by feeding into war economy, eroding the social contract between govt. and people, legitimating warring groups, undermining local coping stragegirs
“Development is not only affected by conflict – it often has an effect on conflict too.”
Conflict

6. Why CS in Nepal? The Constitution of Nepal 2015
Three Year Plan (2013/ /16)
Peace and Development Strategy ( )
High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, Accra, 2008
South and south triangular cooperation
Focus on Development Effectiveness, Busan, 2011
Inclusive global partnership
Comprehensive Peace Accord 2006
Interim Constitution 2007

7. Conflict Sensitivity Analysis Tools
Do No Harm (DNH)
Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment (PCIA)
Peace-building Tool (PBT)

8. Do No Harm A simple and widely accepted instrument of CS.
It was developed from the experience of development and humanitarian workers.
Developed by Mary B. Anderson and Collaborative for Development Action (CDA).

9. Do No Harm
It is possible – and useful – to apply DNH in conflict-prone, active conflict and post-conflict situations.
It can be used to plan/design, monitor and evaluate public service, humanitarian and development assistance programs.
It helps us see how decisions we make affect intergroup relations.

10. Seven Steps of DNH Framework
Understanding the context
Analyzing dividers or sources of tension
Analyzing connectors or local capacities for peace
Analyzing the assistance program/project/intervention
Analyzing the assistance program’s impact on dividers & connectors (using RT and IEM)
Considering (and generating) programming options
Test programming options and redesign project

11. Step I: Understanding the Context
Societies have groups with different interests and identities that contend with other groups.
Impacts on the socio-political context that cause, or have the potential to cause, destruction or violence between groups.
There are many tools to analyze the context. The three most useful are timeline, actor mapping and conflict tree

12. Key Components Of Context Analysis
Dynamics
Timeline
Trend and pattern?
Actor
Who are the actors of the conflict? relationship ?
Actor map
Structure
What are the causes and consequences of it?
Conflict tree

13. Sample Timeline
Date/Year
Event

14. Events of Nepali polity
2006 The government and Maoists signed the Comprehensive Peace Accord, declaring a formal end to a 10-year rebel insurgency, and transforming the Nepali state A state of emergency was declared after more than 100 people were killed in four days of conflict The Nepal Government and the United Democratic Madhesi Front signed an eightpoint agreement, which brought to an end a 16-day long general strike in the Tarai King Gyanendra dismissed Prime Minister Deuba and his government, declared a state of emergency, and assumed direct power, citing the need to defeat Maoist rebels King Gyanendra agreed to reinstate parliament following a 19-day Janandolan (people’s movement or uprising) with violent strikes and protests against directroyal rule. GP Koirala was appointed Prime Minister Maoist leaders were elected to parliament under the terms of the Interim Constitution of The multi-party system was revived and a new 1990 constitution of Nepal was prepared A Constituent Assembly election was held throughout the country The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held; it formally abolished the monarchy and proclaimed Nepal a republic as stated in the Interim Constitution of 2007.

15. Sample Actor Map

16. Symbols

17. Sample Conflict Tree Effects Effects Effects Root causes Root causes
Specific conflict
Root causes
Root causes
Root causes

18. Step II: Analyzing Dividers or Sources of Tension
Factors that people are fighting about or cause tension among individuals or groups.

19. Step III: Analyzing Connectors or Local Capacities for Peace
Factors that bring people together and/or tend to reduce tension among individuals/groups.

20. How …
Dividers Vs Connectors

21. System and Institutions
How …
System and Institutions

22. How …
Attitudes and Action

23. How …
Values and Interests

24. How …
Experiences

25. How …
Symbols and Occasions

26. Step IV: Analyzing the Project/Programme
Why?
Where?
What?
When?
With whom?
By whom?
How?

27. Step V: Analyzing the Project’s Impact on D & C (using RT and IEM)
Assistance is a vehicle for providing resources to people who need them.

28. Resource Transfers
The transfers of resources (i.e. money, goods, and services) from one entity to another.
Resources in a conflict environment represent wealth and power and thus may become part of the conflict.

29. Theft
Assistance can be stolen and support conflict efforts

30. Market effects
Assistance affects prices, wages and profits

31. Distributional effects
Assistance creates divisions among the population

32. Substitution effects
Assistance can substitute for local resources

33. Legitimization effect
Assistance legitimizes some people and actions and weakens or sidelines others.

34. Implicit Ethical Messages (IEM)
Project or programme may carry IEMs determined by the way resources have been generated and distributed.
IEMs are often unrecognized by the providers but could easily be misinterpreted by the recipients.
These are the effects of institutional and individual behaviours, actions and attitudes on the context.

35. Competition among agencies: disrespect & mistrust

36. Publicity

37. Powerlessness

38. Different values for different lives

39. Assistance workers and impunity

40. Suspicion: Tension

41. Arms and powers

42. Step VI: Considering (and Generating) Programing Options
We must think about how to provide the same program in a way that eliminates or minimizes its negative (conflict-worsening) impacts.
If we realize that we have overlooked the local peace capacities or connectors then we should redesign our program in order to strengthen the connectors.

43. Step VII: Test Programing Options and Redesign Project
Once we have selected better programming options based on the previously discussed issues, it is crucial to re-check the impacts of our new approach on the dividers and connectors.

44. Necessary Action Ownership Understanding Alignment Context
Harmonization
Result based monitoring
Mutual accountability
Produce more value
Transparent
Understanding
Context
Interaction between intervention and context
Action to avoid negative impacts and maximize positive one
Conflict sensitive programme design
Development
Conflict sensitive development

45. Let’s act conflict sensitively.
Conclusion
Let’s act conflict sensitively.

46. Reading Materials
Bellu, Lorenzo G, 2011, Development and Development Paradigms, Rome, Italy.
Ebong, Inyang, 2013, Peace building and Development, a paper presented in Women in Public Service Institute Workshop, Pennsylvania, USA.
UNDP, , Human Development Reports, New York, USA