1. SAND CASTING

2. Ceramic Moulding
This process use a method very near to plaster mold casting. Plaster, plastic, wood, metal or rubber is used for making the pattern. A ceramic slurry comprising zircon, fused silica and a bonding agent is first poured over the pattern. Like rubber it hardens quickly. It is then peeled of the pattern and reassembled as a mold. The volatile materials are removed in a low temperature oven. Ceramic mold, with high temperature pours is obtained after it is baked in a furnace at about 1000 °C (1832 °F) .

3. Features of Ceramic Moulding
More accurate in dimension
Surface finish is good
Wall thickness is small
Weights is less
Patterns are Reusable and cheap.

5. Pressure Die Casting
Pressure Die casting is the process of forcing molten metal under high pressure into mold cavities (which are machined into dies). Most pressure die castings are made from non-ferrous metals, specifically zinc, copper, aluminium, magnesium, lead, and tin based alloys, although ferrous metal die castings are possible. The die casting method is especially suited for applications where a large quantity of small to medium sized parts are needed with good detail, a fine surface quality and dimensional consistency.

6. Pressure Die Casting

7. Open Hearth Furnace

8. Electric Furnace

9. Sand Casting Defects Porosity Fins or Flash on Castings
Inclusion(foreign material/sand) in Castings
Rough castings
Bubbles or Nodules on castings
Spalling (an area of the mold wall flakes into the mold cavity)
Non fill or Incomplete castings
Mould shift
Blow Holes
Pin Holes
Shrinkage cavity

10. 13. Shrinkage cavity 14. Hot Tears (Cracks) 15. Cold shut and misrun 16. Internal Air Pocket

11. POROSITY
Pattern is improperly sprued.  Sprues may be too thin, too long or not attached in the proper location, causing shrinkage porosity.
Not enough metal reservoir to eliminate shrinkage porosity.
Metal contains gas.
Mold is too hot.
Too much moisture in the flux.
Too much remelt being used.  Always use at least 50% new metal.
Metal is overheated.
Poor mold burnout.

12. FINS OR FLASH ON CASTINGS
Flask was disturbed while investment was setting.
Base was removed too soon.
Flask was allowed to partially dry before de-waxing.
Incorrect de-waxing or a furnace malfunction.
Flask burned out and allowed to cool below (500oF (260oC) before casting reheating, flask allowed to cool between de-wax and placement in preheated oven.
Flask was improperly handled or dropped.
Speed was set too high on centrifugal casting machine.
Patterns were placed on one plane. The should be staggered on top rack.
Incorrect water powder ratio was used.
Not enough investment was placed over the patterns.
Flask was placed too close to heat source in burnout oven.
Flasks were not held at low burnout temperature long enough

13. INCLUSIONS (FOREIGN PARTICLES) IN CASTINGS
Patterns were improperly sprued to wax base or tree or not filleted, causing investment to break at sharp corners during casting.
Flask was not sufficiently cured before placing into burnout oven.
Improper de-waxing cycle was used.
Flask was not cleaned from prior cast.
Loose investment in sprue hole.
Molten metal contains excess flux or foreign oxides.
Crucible disintegrating or poorly fluxed.
Improperly dried graphite crucible.
Investment was not mixed properly or long enough.
Contaminants in wax pattern.
Flask was not held at low burnout temperature long enough.
Flask was placed too close to heat source in burnout oven.

14. ROUGH CASTINGS A poor quality pattern
Flask was not sufficiently cured before placing into burnout oven.
Flask was held in steam de-wax too long.
Metal, flask or both were too hot.
Patterns were improperly sprued.
Flask was placed too close to heat source in burnout oven.

15. BUBBLES OR NODULES ON CASTINGS
Vacuum pump is leaking air.
Vacuum pump has water in the oil.
Vacuum pump is low on oil.
Investment not mixed properly or long enough.
Invested flasks were not vibrated during vacuum cycle.
Vacuum extended past working time.

16. SPALLING (an area of the mold wall flakes into the mold cavity)
Flask was placed into a furnace at low temperature (below 300oC or 150oC) for an extended period.
Flask was placed too close to the source of heat.
Sharp corners are struck by metal at high centrifugal velocities.
Improper burnout cycle was used.

17. NON-FILL OR INCOMPLETE CASTINGS
Mold was too cold when cast.
The burnout was not complete.
Pattern was improperly sprued, creating tubulence when csting in a centrifugal casting machine.
Centrifugal casting machine had too high revolution per minute.

18. POROSITY
FLASH
MOULD SHIFT

19. SHORT CASTING
GAS
INCLUSION