1. SUBMITTED BY: AHMED SARFRAZ KHAN 22-ERE-09
NUCLEAR BATTERIES
SUBMITTED BY: AHMED SARFRAZ KHAN
22-ERE-09
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2. NUCLEAR BATTERIES
The idea of nuclear batteries was given in the beginning of 1950, and was patented in Mar 3, 1959 to TRACER LAB.
Scientific breakthrough in nuclear power by PAUL BROWN (RADIO ISOTOPIC GENERATING SYSTEM) AND HENRY MOSELEY (DEMONSTRATED THE BETA CELL,1913).
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3. CONTENTS Introduction Classification of nuclear batteries
Types of nuclear batteries
Structure
Different sizes
Working
Different stages in working
Major fuels
Applications
Advantages And Disadvantages
Conclusion
References
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4. SOMETHING ABOUT NUCLEAR BATTERIES
The term “Nuclear battery”.
Nuclear batteries and nuclear reactors.
Conventional batteries (used in day to day life) and nuclear batteries.
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5. CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEAR BATTERIES
Thermal
Convertors
Non- Thermal
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6. TYPES OF CONVERTORS THERMAL CONVERTORS
THERMIONIC CONVERTOR: These have a hot electrode, emits electrons over a space charge barrier to a cooler electrode producing o/p power. CESIUM VAPOUR : optimize work function & provide an ion supply.
RTG: connects a thermocouple in series, SEEBACK EFFECT
THERMOPHOTOVOLTIC CELLS: Similar to photovoltaic cells, convert infrared radiations to electricity.
ALKALI-METAL THERMAL TO ELECTRIC CONVERTOR: AMTEC Electrochemical system, based on electrolyte used in sodium sulfur battery. SODIUM CONCENTRATION CELL which uses ceramic, polycrystalline beta –alumina solid electrolyte(base) separator between the high pressure region containing sodium vapors and low pressure region containing liquid sodium.
STIRLING RADIOISOTOPE GENERATOR: Sterling engine driven by temperature difference produced by radioisotope.
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7. TYPES CONTINUED…. NON HERMAL CONVERTORS
DIRECT CHARGING GENERATORS: Consist of capacitors which are charged by current of charged particles from radioactive layer deposited on the surface of electrodes. Spacing is either vacuum or a dielectric. The –vly charged beta particles or positrons or fission particles may be utilized. These are not used now.
BETA VOLTAICS: Generators of electric current which uses the beta particles emitted from the radioisotope.
ALPHA VOLTAICS: These are similar to beta voltaic but these use alpha particles.
OPTOELECTRIC: Proposed by KURCHATOV INTITUTE in MOSCOW. These would power the photo cells. Consist of argon/xenon in a pressure vessel which is mirrored from inside. Advantage: most of the beta particles would escape the finely divided bulk material to contribute to battery’s net power.
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8. STRUCTURE OF NUCLEAR BATTERY
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9. NUCLEAR BATTERY OF THE SIZE AND THICKNESS OF A PENNY
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10. SOME OTHER SIZE
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11. MARS ROVER USES NUCLEAR BATTERIES
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12. WORKING OF NUCLEAR BATTERIES
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13. DIFFERENT STAGES IN WORKING OF NUCLEAR BATTERIES
STAGE 1: Before the radioactive source is introduced, a difference in potential between two electrodes is provided by any conventional means. An electric load RL is connected across the electrodes A and B. Although a potential difference exists, no current flows through the load RL because the electrical forces are in equilibrium and no energy comes out of the system. We shall call this the ground state Eo.
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14. STAGES CONTINUED...
STAGE2: Next, we introduce the radioactive source, say a beta emitter, to the system. Now, the energy of the beta particle EB generates electron-hole pairs in the junction by imparting kinetic energy which knocks electrons out of the neutral atoms. This amount of energy, E1, is known as the ionization potential of the junction.
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15. STAGES CONTINUED…
STAGE3: Further the beta particle imparts an amount of energy in excess of the ionization potential. This additional energy raises the electron energy to an elevated level E2. Of course the beta particle does not impart its energy to a single ion pair, but a single beta particle will generate as many as thousands of electron-hole pairs. The total number of ions per unit volume of the junction is dependent upon the junction material.
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16. STAGES CONTINUED…
Stage4: Next, the electric field present in the junction acts on the ions and drives the electrons into electrode A. the electrons collected in electrode A together with the electron deficiency of electrode B establishes a Fermi Voltage between the electrodes. Naturally, the electrons in electrode A seek to give up their energy and go back to their ground state (Law of Entropy).
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17. STAGES CONTINUED…
STAGE5: The Fermi Voltage drives electrons from the electrode A through the load where they give up their energy in accordance with conventional electrical theory. A voltage drop occurs across the load as the electrons give up an amount of energy E3. Then the amount of energy available to be removed from the system is E3 = EB - E1 - L1 - L2
Where L1 is the converter losses and L2 is the losses in the electrical circuit.
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18. STAGES CONINUED…
Stage6: The electrons, after passing through the load have an amount of energy E4. From the load, the electron is then driven into the electrode B where it is allowed to recombine with a junction ion, releasing the recombination energy E4 in the form of heat. This completes the circuit and the electron has returned to its original ground state. The end result is that the radioactive source acts as a constant current generator. Then the energy balance equation can be written as E0 = EB - E1 - E3 - L1 -L2
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19. MAJOR FULES Nickel-63 (Ni-63) Strontium-90 (Sr-90) Uranium-238 (U-238)
Tin-121 (Sn-121)
Uranium-235 (U-235)
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20. APPLICATIONS Space applications: space probing
Medical applications: cardiac pacemaker
Laptop batteries: xcell-N laptop batteries
Automobiles: Ford-atomic
Military applications: to empower the war fighter.
Under water probes and sea sensors: microelectronic mechanical systems(MEMS) and smart dust sensors
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22. ADVANTAGES FUEL SOURCE OIL DEPENDENCY SAFETY NUCLEAR WASTE
ADAPTABILITY
COST/POWER OUTPUT
REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE
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23. DISADVANTAGES
INITIAL COST: The initial cost of these batteries is very high. The refining and processing of radio isotopic fuel costs a lot as compared to the conventional fuels.
WALL DAMAGE/ NEUTRON DAMAGE: This is a part of neutron emission. This produces X-rays.
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24. WHY NOT SOLAR BATTERIES OR CONVENtIONAL BATTERIES
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25. CONCLUSION
The world of tomorrow that science fiction & dreams of and technology manifests might be a very small one. It would reason that small devices would need small batteries to power them. So we can use microelectronics and nano particle science in collaboration with these nuclear technologies. The use of power as heat and electricity from radioisotope will continue to be indispensable.
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26. REFRENCES en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_battery
y/nuclear-batteries
Technologyreview.com
Sciencedaily.com/nuke_battery
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