1. Questions to Address (part 2)
What are the spatial/temporal sampling needs?
Is there a need for diurnal sampling over the long term/large scale? - Yes
How to minimize potential gaps in future satellite data sets?
How can satellite observations be cross-validated?
Who should fund these long-term observational systems that are neither completely operational or research?

2. Q: How to fill satellite observational gaps?
Ground based (in-situ) remote sensing.
Inter-satellite calibration studies using radiative transfer studies. Example as GPS RO cross validation data set.
Synthetic data that uses alternative data sets to “generate” large scale estimates that fill in data gaps.

3. Conclusions and Future Work
Can we use the NOAA satellite measurements
calibrated by GPS RO data to calibrate
multi-year AMSU/MSU data ?
Contact information : Shu-peng Ben Ho,
Slide 21
Copy right © UCAR, all rights reserved
Shu-peng Ben Ho, UCAR/COSMIC

4. Can we use GPS RO data to calibrate other instruments ?
N15, N16 and N18 AMSU calibration against COSMIC
(Ho et al. TAO, 2007)
Slide 9
Copy right © UCAR, all rights reserved
Shu-peng Ben Ho, UCAR/COSMIC

5. Q: How is the UT/LS changing over time (temperature, geopotential, humidity)?
This is huge data gap that needs to be observed with satellite sensors.
Inter-satellite calibration studies using radiative transfer studies are needed.
Hiaper aircraft may provide a bridge for satellite validation and gaps.
Synthetic data that uses alternative data sets to “generate” large scale estimates that fill in data gaps

6. Q: What instruments are needed for calibration?
Radiance profiler for sonde launches
Valid calibration of profiling instruments with chamber comparisons is an observational need. There is need for an accurate chamber.
Dewpoint/frostpoint measurement improvements
Multiple sonde launches for inter-comparison and validation.
How are accurate are sondes in the upper atmosphere

7. Q: Can TOA radiation balances be validated?
Has to be done by inference.
Need to have precise error propagation and bounding for forward modeling of radiative transfer calculations.

8. Q: How can trace gases be calibrated over large scales?
A testbed is needed to validate satellite observations.
Field campaigns do not appear to sample broadly enough for calibration.
Need a footprint large enough to match the integration of the satellite sensor.
Need to measure the inorganic/organic precursors to these trace gases to fully understand the impact of the trace gases.

9. Q: What is NSF’s role in this large scale/long term game?
As a facilitator across agencies to help answer science questions.
Establishing a Boulder calibration facility.
To improve instrumentation accuracies.
Long term implications and records need to be sustained.
Can NSF fill the gap between research field campaigns and operational agencies.