1. A Long Train of Abuses and Usurpations
The Causes of the American Revolution – Chapter 4

2. South Carolina End-of-Course Examination in US History
USHC 1.2
Analyze the early development of representative government and political rights in the American colonies, including the influence of the British political system and the rule of law as written in the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights, and the conflict between the colonial legislatures and the British Parliament over the right to tax that resulted in the American Revolutionary War.
South Carolina End-of-Course Examination in US History

3. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and... that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably... to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security...

4. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies
Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies...The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.

5. Iroquois League
Formed by 6 nations of American Indians to protect their interests.
Mohawk, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca
Even “played” the Europeans.

6. Albany Plan of Union
Led by Franklin. Called for a loose confederation to promote defense.

7. The French and Indian War

8. French and Indian War
Started b/c both the French and English considered the Ohio River Valley their land.; and the French were making a killing in fur trade.

9. The War:
French and Indian forces succeeded in the start, winning several battles at several forts; including defeating a young George Washington, and Fort William Henry.
William Pitt takes over and British fortunes changed.
Cut off supplies, took over Forts, and even chased the French out of Montreal; France’s last remaining Canadian post.

10. Results Britain won. Claimed Canada and holdings east of Miss.
Gained Florida from Spain.

11. Pontiac’s Rebellion
2000 settlers were killed and many Brit forts destroyed. Ended b/c Indians failed to take Fort Pitt and Detroit.

12. Proclamation of 1763 Barred settle-ment west of App Mtns.
Hoped to separate Indians and settlers, but settlers cont’d to move west.

13. Wars Cost Money

14. Following the French and Indian War
British National Debt
Following the French and Indian War

15. NO MORE
Salutary Neglect

16. Financing the Empire Why – Were in huge debts from previous wars.
How – Get colonies to pay taxes.
Result – Many different protest, and eventually the Revolutionary War and Declaration of Independence

17. Parliament Taxes the Colonies
Sugar Act (1764)
Stamp Act (1765)
Townshend Acts (1767)

18. Ways to Finance – Acts!
Sugar Act – Imposed import tax on foreign sugar, molasses, etc. Hurt smugglers.
Stamp Act – Placed a tax on all printed materials. Steeper than Sugar Act.

19. Colonial Protest
It was expected, but not to the extent that it happened.
NO TAXES WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!

20. HERE HERE Taxing Authority
NOTE: The colonists did not want to be represented in Parliament, where their representatives could have been outnumbered. They believed that only their representatives in their own colonial legislatures could legitimately tax them.

21. Nonimportation Agreements
Promise not to buy or import British goods.

22. Sons of Liberty
Formed to protest the Stamp Act by artisans, lawyers, merchants, and politicians.

23. Sons of Liberty
Leader was Samuel Adams

24. Stamp Act Congress Sent “warmest sentiments to the King . . .”
But objected the Stamp Act and other taxing.
All colonies except GA, NH, NC, and VA.
First mention of Declaration of Rights.
Stamp Act repealed in 1766.

25. Declaratory Act
Gave Parliament and the King the power to make any laws necessary toward the colonist.

26. Townshend Acts Taxed common items like tea, lead, and glass at ports.
Also revived writs of assistance – general search warrants.
Parliament just did not get it!

27. These Guys Again

28. More of
These Guys

29. Quartering Act
Colonist were to provide money to British troops for housing and supplies.

30. Boston
Most active center of protest.

31. Boston Massacre
British soldiers killed 5 colonist after an angry crowd threw snowballs, rocks, and coal at them.
2 soldiers convict-ed of manslaught-er and were branded on the hands.

32. More Unrest! King George III lets all Acts expire but Tea Act.
Shows he is still in power.

33. Just because we don’t tax... doesn’t mean that we can’t!

34. Committee of Correspondence
Inform the world of British oppression.
Led by Samuel Adams.

35. Leading to the Revolution Photo Credit: Darwin Bell
The Chain of Events
Leading to the Revolution
Tea Act
Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts
Lexington & Concord
Photo Credit: Darwin Bell

36. Tea Act of 1773
Excused East Indian Company from certain duties and permitted them to sell directly to American agents.
Would allow them be a monopoly with tea.
Would hurt American merchants and wholesalers.

37. Boston Tea Party
Colonists dress-ed as Indians and dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor.

38. Intolerable Acts
Four laws designed to punish Boston and the rest of Mass.

39. First Continental Congress
Sept 5 – Oct 26, 1774.
Discuss grievances and options for colonies.
Called ban on all trade w/Brit.
Came up with Declaration of Resolves.

40. Battle of Lex and Concord
April 18, 1775 – 1st Military Clash.
General Gage wanted seize military supplies at Concord.
Revere – “British are coming!”

41. Lexington & Concord
1775
The British Retreat

42. Battle cont’d Patriots – colonist that supported inde-pendence.
Minutemen
Redcoats – British troops

43. Cont’d “Shot heard round the world!”
Each accused the other of the shot.
Brit retreated.
Success for Patriots.

44. Second Continental Congress - 1775
Agreed to set up a Continental Army for defense of American liberty.
It would be led by Washington.

45. Battle of Bunker Hill
Americans ordered – “Don’t fire until you see the white of their eyes.” – Save ammunition.
Brit wins, but costly to them.

46. Olive Branch Petition
Final plea to George III to end the conflict, but was rejected.

47. Reasons for Independence
Believed the Brit government had violated their rights as British subjects.
Some of fellow colonists had already died defending the cause.

48. 2 Major Leaders Because of speeches and writings. Patrick Henry
Thomas Paine – wrote Common Sense

49. Declaration of Independence
Jefferson – was chair and did most of the writing.
Purpose – to win support for inde-pendence.

50. Jefferson’s Objective
This was the object of the Declaration of Independence. Not to find out new principles, or new arguments, never before thought of, not merely to say things which had never been said before, but to place before mankind the common sense of the subject, in terms so plain and firm as to command their assent, and to justify ourselves in the independent stand we are compelled to take. Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment, not yet copied from any particular and previous writing, it was intended to be an expression of the American mind, and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion. All it's [sic] authority rests on the harmonizing sentiments of the day, whether expressed in conversation, letters, printed essays, or in the elementary books of public right, as Aristotle, Cicero, Locke, Sidney, & c.
—Jefferson to Henry Lee, May 8, 1825

51. Reactions Patriots rejoiced – 1/3 of pop.
Abigail Adams – a supporter, but also supported women’s rights and opposed slavery.
Loyalists (Tories) – believed that to resist the King was to rebel against God. 1/3 of pop.

52. Fighting the War Hard to win with no central gov’t.
States could not be forced to send troops.
Conditions were horrible, and most did not stay long.
Had to get back to farm and take care of families.

53. Those Who Served Most soldiers were under 23 years old.
Redcoats – highly trained and well supplied.
Women – spies, messengers, cooks, laundresses, and nurses.

54. More Troops
African Americans – not allowed at first b/c of the fear that they would flee. Changed when Brit offered them freedom for fighting.
Indians – important b/c they were skilled fighters, and new the land at key locations.

55. How did fighting tactics differ?
Continental Army – used guerrilla warfare, and wore down enemy.
Redcoats – marched orderly, very organized, and skilled; but easy targets.

56. Battle of Trenton
Washington led the first offensive attack the day after Christmas after crossing Delaware at night.
Raised American morale.

57. Battle of Saratoga
Gates outfoxed Brit. Gen. Burgoyne. He did not realize 3 Brit forces would have to cross swamps, lakes, forests, and hills.

58. Turning Point – Why? Americans proved they could win.
France officially declares war on Britain – provides navy, supplies, troops, and training.
Lafayette – French nobleman that impressed Washington so much that he became part of the staff.

59. Fighting in South
Britain expected victory b/c they had many supporters there.

60. Southern Leaders
Cornwallis – Led Brit, won at Cam-den then support died down.
Francis Marion – led SC militia; known as Swamp Fox.

61. Battle of Yorktown Cornwallis and troops were trapped.
He surrenders marking the end of the war.

62. Treaty of Paris
Granted the U.S. independence and the land from Atlantic west to the Miss River, and from Great Lakes south to Fla.
Pay any debts owed to Brit.