1. Movement and Migration
North America
Movement and Migration

2. Early Settlers When: 20-15,000 years ago
Where: Early man migrated across the Bering Strait (Beringia)
Impact: Settlement
Of 40 – 100 million
People in North and
Central America

3. The Columbian Exchange
One of history’s great turning points!!

4. He set out to prove the earth was round MYTH He discovered America
We all learned “In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue…” Myth or Fact?: Christopher Columbus
He set out to prove the earth was round
MYTH
He discovered America
He was an innovative navigator
FACT

5. Columbus’ Four Voyages
Columbus and his crew “discovered” the island of Hispaniola
(present day Haiti and the Dominican Republic)
During subsequent voyages, he took gold, goods and captives back to Spain

6. Exploration led to an enormous exchange of people, plants, animals, technology and ideas that would change the lives of people in Asia, Europe, the Americas and Africa.

7. Because this global interaction began with Columbus, it is called the Columbian Exchange.

8. Columbian Exchange Term coined by historian Alfred Crosby
Plants animals and diseases were transferred between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres
How did it impact Native People?
How did it impact lives of Europeans?

9. “Old World” to “New World”
When: 1492 to the 1800’s Where: Old World to New World

10. The Columbian Exchange
Voyages launched large-scale contact between Europe and Americas.
Interaction with Native Americans led to sweeping cultural changes.
Contact between the two groups led to the widespread exchange of plants, animals, and disease—the Columbian Exchange.
Plants, animals developed in very different ways in hemispheres
Europeans—no potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, turkeys
People in Americas—no coffee, oranges, rice, wheat, sheep, cattle
The Exchange of Goods
Arrival of Europeans in Americas changed all this
Previously unknown foods taken back to Europe
Familiar foods brought to Americas by colonists
Sharing Discoveries
The introduction of beasts of burden to the Americas was a significant development from the Columbian Exchange. The introduction of the horse provided people in the Americas with a new source of labor and transportation.

11. Effects of the Columbian Exchange
Different Foods
Exchange of foods, animals had dramatic impact on later societies
Over time crops native to Americas became staples in diets of Europeans
Foods provided substantial nutrition, helped people live longer
Economics and Gastronomics
Activities like Texas cattle ranching, Brazilian coffee growing not possible without Columbian Exchange; cows, coffee native to Old World
Traditional cuisines changed because of Columbian Exchange
Italian Food Without Tomatoes?
Until contact with Americas, Europeans had never tried tomatoes
Most Europeans thought tomatoes poisonous
By late 1600s, tomatoes had begun to be included in Italian cookbooks

12. The Introduction of New Diseases
Native Americans had no natural resistance to European diseases
Smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria killed millions
Population of central Mexico may have decreased by more than 30 percent in the 10 years following first contact with Europeans
Devastating Impact
Native American population continued to decline for centuries
Inca Empire decreased from 13 million in 1492 to 2 million in 1600
North American population fell from maybe 5-10 million in 1492 to 500,000 in 1900—but disease not only factor in decrease of population
Intermittent warfare, other violence also contributed

13. Europeans believed that it was God’s will that Indians died
No germ theory at the time of contact.
Illness in Europe was considered to be the consequence of sin
Indians, who were largely “heathen” or non-Christian were regarded as sinners thus subject to illness as a punishment

14. There was a great havoc. Very many died of it. They could not walk
There was a great havoc. Very many died of it. They could not walk They could not move; they could not stir; they could not change position, nor lie on one side; nor face down, nor on their backs. And if they stirred, much did they cry out. Great was its destruction. Bernardino de Sahagún, quoted in Seeds of Change

16. The Importance of Sugar
Sugarcane was a valuable cash crop that grew well in the Americas
The labor was very difficult, so the Europeans forced Native Americans to work on the sugarcane plantations
Native Americans died from disease, warfare, and being overworked
The Europeans now needed someone else to work on the plantations-
but who?
Europeans begin importing Africans to work on their sugarcane plantations: this is the beginning of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade

17. Transatlantic Slave Trade
In the early 1500s, Africans began to be sold in the Americas as slaves
Africans were immune to the diseases that had killed so many Native Americans 
By the 1800s, 12 million people had been taken from Africa
Their journey from Africa to America was called the Middle Passage because it was the 2nd leg of a trade route known as the Triangular Trade

18. The Triangular Trade
Sugar,
tobacco,
cotton
Rum, firearms, textiles
The Middle
Passage
Slaves
Those that survived the horrific journey led a life of forced labor in the American colonies

20. Movement Across the Continent
Early Settlement mostly
Along the Atlantic Coast
SETTLING THE FRONTIER
1803 Louisiana Purchase
Impact: Doubled the
Size of the U.S. And led to
The Westward Movement

21. Overcoming Distance
Gov’t also contracted building of roads and canals to promote business
Erie Canal (1825) connected the
Hudson River to the Great Lakes
-Allowed cheaper/easier way to ship goods from the coast to interior areas (cheaper food, goods, travel to the Midwest for immigrants)
-Made New York City one of the most
Important trade cities in the world

22. This painting by John Gast called American Progress, is an allegorical representation of the modernization of the new west.

23. Manifest Destiny
The term of ‘Manifest Destiny’ first appeared in a newspaper article on the annexation of Texas in The author, John L. O’Sullivan used it to describe what a majority of Americans at the time believed was their mission from God: to expand all the way to Pacific coast and bring the United States government to “unenlightened” people.
Encouraged people to migrate and settle across the continent – NOT EVERYONE AGREED

24. Migration/Immigration
Migration – movement from one place to another
Immigration-movement that involves crossing of state (national) boundaries

25. Transcontinental RR Completed in 1869 Unified East and West
Made goods much
Easier to transport
From coast to coast
Built mostly by Irish
And Chinese immigrants

26. Push and Pull factors Push factors are those which force a person to move/leave an area. This can include drought, famine, lack of jobs, over population and civil war. Pull factors are those which encourage a person to move/leave an area. These include a chance of a better job, better education, a better standard of living.

27. Migration/Immigration
Push or Pull?
Reasons for immigration
Lack of Political Freedom
Religious Tolerance
Economic Opportunity
People want a better life - better job - more money
Political Refugees fear for their lives
There are two types of motivation for immigration
Push(need to leave in order to survive)･
Pull (attracted to new way of life)

30. Rural to Urban Society Colonial times-Farmers and Artisans
Early industrialization (Small mills, interchangable parts)
: 14 million Immigrants from Western and Eastern Europe came to America
Impact: Growth of cities (New York, Boston, Chicago)
Cheap labor led to Growth of Industrialization
U.S. changing from Rural/Agrarian to Urban/Industrial Economy

31. Rural to Urban to Suburban
By end of WW2-U.S. was major world power, economy boomed
Growth of Suburbs – communities grew outside of urban areas;
Example-Levittown, NY
Symbol of suburbia
What made suburbs
Possible? Better rail and roads,
Automobile

32. Building of Highway Systems
Early 1920’s – Paved roads and small highways
1956-Eisenhower signed a federal law to build a series of highway across the country
Infrastructure continues
with use of airlines
*How will technology
Change the way
Americans “move”?

33. Migration to U.S., by Region of Origin
Fig. 3-4: Most migrants to the U.S were from Europe until the 1960s. Since then, Latin America and Asia have become the main sources of immigrants.

34. Demographic Changes
In what areas of the U.S. is there the highest growth in population?
Why?
What other demographic changes are happening in the U.S.?
Immigration
Growing number of older people