1. Chapter 21 Enduring Understanding
The movement of people, goods, and ideas causes societies to change over time. 
 Essential Questions
How have science and technology improvements helped change society?
How have immigration, technology, and global trade changed the world?

2. Know and Objectives Students will know:
the major domestic initiatives of the Clinton administration, as well as those proposed by the Contract with America.
the key points of contention in the debate over illegal immigration and changes in immigration law.
how the computer revolution and the Internet revolutionized communication.
Students will be able to:
summarize content information and express an opinion based on reasoned arguments.
organize information into appropriate categories.
identify on a map how changes in technology and communication have altered the economy on a global scale.

3. Clinton’s Agenda Healthcare Reform
The Clinton Proposal Under the Clinton plan, every citizen and permanent resident alien would be enrolled in an HMO. Employers had to provide health insurance coverage for employees. Self-employed workers could deduct the cost of their health insurance from their federal income taxes. People could choose a health care network in which their primary care physician worked. People below a certain income level were covered by a health care plan without cost. School-based and community clinics would expand services.
The Republican Plan Republicans suggested an individual mandate enforced by a penalty on those who did not comply. People living below the poverty line had the option to purchase a health care voucher from the government. They imposed a cap on how much health insurance could be deducted as a tax credit. They eliminated discrimination on the basis of preexisting conditions. The plan was partially financed through cuts in Medicare Part B and the limits in tax credits.
The Health Care Debate President Clinton appointed his wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, to oversee a task force on National Health Reform to create a plan that enabled all Americans to get health. The plan met with almost universal opposition from Republicans. In the end, the Clinton plan was never put before Congress for a vote.

4. Q
What were some strong points used by those who were arguing for reform of the health care system?
What were the main arguments against creating a federal health care system?
What obstacles did Clinton’s heath care reform plan face in Congress?

5. Republicans Gain Control of Congress
Republicans in Control
Contract with America Prior to the 1994 elections, Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich and Republicans outlined a plan to lower taxes, balance the budget, reform welfare, implement strong anti-crime laws, and set term limits for congressional members. They released it about six weeks before the election, receiving wide coverage in the media. The Republican Party gained a majority in both houses of Congress for the first time since 1953.
Shutdown Although the Republicans accomplished much of their agenda, some of their proposals were stymied by Democrats in the Senate or vetoed by President Clinton. Republican leaders, frustrated by their failure to pass their budget cuts, threatened to shut down government to get Clinton to accommodate them. He refused, and the ensuing brief shutdown caused Republicans to lose popular support.
Impeachment After Clinton’s reelection in 1996, Republicans appointed an independent counsel to investigate President Clinton. As a result of that investigation, information arose that Clinton had had a personal relationship with a White House intern. Clinton was charged with obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and perjury. The House of Representatives voted along party lines to impeach Clinton. His trial in the Senate fell short of the two-thirds majority needed to remove the president from office, but the events tarnished Clinton’s reputation.

6. Q
What changes did the Republicans want to make through their Contract with America?
What checks and balances established in the Constitution foiled Republican plans?
What charges were brought against President Clinton in the impeachment process?
According to the Constitution, who presided over the trial of the president in the Senate?

7. Clinton’s Foreign Policy
Peacekeeping
Haiti: In 1991 military leaders in Haiti overthrew Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the country’s first democratically elected president in many decades. Seeking to restore democracy, the Clinton administration convinced the United Nations to impose a trade embargo on Haiti. The embargo created a severe economic crisis in that country. Thousands of Haitian refugees fled to the United States in small boats, and many died at sea. Determined to end the crisis, Clinton ordered an invasion of Haiti. With the troops on the way, former president Jimmy Carter convinced Haiti’s rulers to step aside. The American troops then landed to serve as peacekeepers.
Bosnia: Clinton sent U.S. soldiers as part of the NATO mission to stop ethnic cleansing in the former Yugoslavia. He brokered the Dayton Accords to bring peace to the region; NATO troops remained in Bosnia to enforce the peace.
Kosovo: Clinton convinced European allies to use NATO troops to stop fighting between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo.
The Middle East: In 1993 Clinton brought together Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO leader Yasir Arafat to sign a peace agreement. The historic Declaration of Principles agreed to Israeli’s right to exist and outlined a plan for creating a Palestinian government. Radical Palestinians responded with a new wave of violence in Israel, and an Israeli extremist assassinated Rabin in 1995.

8. +/-
What were Clinton’s major accomplishments? (Building up a budget surplus, implementing stronger gun-control measures, or intervening in Haiti and Bosnia.) What were Clinton’s biggest failures? (Involvement in scandals, including his personal involvement with an intern. They may also mention his failure to get a government health care plan through Congress.)

9. Immigration, 1960–2010
Immigration Act of 1965 The law abolished the national origins quota system. It also gave preference to skilled persons and persons with close relatives who are U.S. citizens.
Numbers During the Cold War, anyone fleeing a Communist regime was admitted as a refugee. As a result, more than 800,000 Cubans have immigrated to the United States since After South Vietnam fell to communism in 1974, about 600,000 immigrants came to the United States from Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. The Refugee Act of 1980 was expanded to include people fleeing persecution because of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular group, or political opinion.
Origins In the 1990s, more than 50 percent of legal immigrants came from Latin America, about 25 percent from Asia, and just over 10 percent from Europe. In 2001 Mexico, India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam had the highest percentage of emigrants to the United States.
Controversies Congress passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 to strengthen the border patrol and penalize employers who hired unauthorized immigrants. Despite the law, the number of undocumented immigrants tripled in the two decades following the law’s passage. Some people advocated for stronger laws for new immigrants but wanted to allow the option of citizenship for the undocumented aliens currently living in the United States. Some Americans thought undocumented immigrants should be deported, while others favored giving them temporary work visas.

10. Why do some Americans think undocumented immigrants should be able to become United States citizens?
Why do some Americans think undocumented immigrants need to be deported?

11. THE IMMIGRATION DEBATE
Immigration Act of 1965 This act did away with the quota system established in the 1920s. It gave preference to people who had relatives who were U.S. citizens or had a specific skill. Immigrants living legally in the United States for at least five years could apply for citizenship. Once people became citizens, they often sent for their families from their home country, creating a bridge for other immigrants.
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 Congress passed this law as a response to illegal immigration. It strengthened the border patrol and penalized employers who hired unauthorized immigrants. Immigrants who could prove they entered the country before January 1, 1982, were granted amnesty. Despite the law, illegal immigration issues persisted.
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 This law did not allow families with income below the poverty level to sponsor an immigrant. To try to stop the flood of undocumented immigrants from Mexico, the United States built a 14-mile fence along the border between California and Mexico, increased the number of border patrol agents, and stiffened penalties against those who smuggled people across the border or provided fraudulent documents.

12. Q
What do you think prevents Congress from agreeing on a solution of how to handle illegal immigration

13. The Computer Changes Society
Revolutions in Technology
Computers In 1946 the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) became the world’s first electronic digital computer. By the late 1970s, Americans began purchasing computers for their homes. Once the personal computer was developed, the quest for improvements began. The operating system, the mouse, graphic icons, and a host of other innovations made personal computers increasingly accessible to a broad range of users.
Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurs lured by the potential of a huge payoff brought about new technologies related to the computer. Innovation and the willingness to take a risk on an unproven concept was key to success. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates are the main examples of entrepreneurs in this field.
Rapid changes Within a decade, digital technology gave rise to music players, cameras, radios, televisions, music and video recorders, cell phones, and other products that could be interconnected.
Instant Communication The evolution of cell phones, , and “chat” technology allowed people to communicate almost instantly over long distances.

14. Q
Why might people refer to a revolution when they talk about how the computer has changed society?
How does competition affect innovation?
What impact has instant communication had on society?

15. The Rise of the Internet
The Rise of the Internet In 1969 the U.S. Defense Department’s Advanced Research Project Agency Network linked together computers in a network. By the 1980s, computer centers were becoming interconnected in what became known as the Internet.
The World Wide Web In 1990 the World Wide Web was formed in Switzerland. It allowed people to post information and use links to visit various Web sites for information.
Dot-Com During the 1990s, investors in Internet-related stocks made millions of dollars. The dot-com bubble collapsed in 2000, as online companies went out of business.
Sales and communication Businesses began to rely on the Internet to promote their goods and services and to communicate within and beyond their companies. Personal use expanded as social networking sites emerged to enable people to communicate with family and friends more easily than ever.

16. Q
How have the Internet and the World Wide Web enabled people and businesses to improve efficiency and productivity?
In your opinion, what are the greatest risks related to Internet safety?

17. For Globalization
Market Globalization creates a worldwide market for products. Consumers have more access to products of different countries. As markets expand, there is an increase in the production sector, and jobs are created, mainly in developing countries. These countries are also able to keep their most educated citizens at home rather than losing them to a larger economic power.
Culture Different cultures interact and come to understand each other. They become more accepting and learn that people in distant locations are not as different as was once believed.
Environment Because their workers and citizens share financial interests, companies and governments work together to solve environmental problems.

18. Q Which argument for globalization is the most convincing?
If you lived in a developing country, would you be for globalization?

19. Against Globalization
Outsourcing Developed countries lose jobs to countries where the cost of labor is low. Developing nations are also at risk because their economy could become subject to powerful international corporations, creating a modern form of colonization.
Power Corporations could become politically powerful because the economies of both developing and developed countries could depend on their economic success.
Society and Environment Some cultures do not wish to have their societies influenced by outside cultures, which would be the case with the global economic expansion. Environmental laws in some developing countries can be weakened or otherwise influenced by corporate pressure.

20. The New Global Economy
NAFTA: 1994’s North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) joined Canada, the United States, and Mexico in a free-trade zone. Exports of American goods to Canada and Mexico rose dramatically.
The EU: The European Union (EU) encouraged economic and political cooperation among European nations. Trade barriers among members were removed, and a new currency, the euro, was adopted by member nations.
The World Trade Organization: The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1994 by 120 nations to enforce international trade agreements and settle disputes.
China: In 2000 the U.S. normalized trade relations with China.

21. What do NAFTA and the EU have in common?
What impact has normalizing trade relations with China had on the U.S. economy?

22. Global Environmentalism
Global Concerns
The Ozone Layer: In the late 1980s, scientists discovered that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were eroding the ozone layer, which protects people from the harmful rays of the sun. Many countries worked together to agree on eliminating the use of CFCs and other chemicals that damaged the ozone layer.
Global Warming: In the early 1990s, scientists said that the Earth’s temperatures were increasing and warned that the global warming would create environmental catastrophes such as droughts and extreme weather.
Kyoto Protocol: In 1997, 38 nations and the EU signed an agreement promising to reduce carbon emissions, which are thought to be contributing to global warming. In 2001 the United States withdrew from the treaty, citing flaws; few countries have complied with the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol.