1. Turkish Foreign Policy

2. Turkish Foreign Policy 1960’s
Turkish Western orientation is still continuing.
Bilateral relations with USA
BUT Rising Anti-Americanism as a trend

3. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Implications for Turkey?

4. Cyprus Issue and Johnson Letter
1878 Berlin Treaty
ENOSIS vs TAKSIM
Turmoil of the 1950s
Archbishop Makarios

5. Cyprus Issue and Johnson Letter
1959: London-Zurich Agreements
1960: Treaty of Guarantee
1960: Republic of Cyprus and Constitution

6. Cyprus Issue and Johnson Letter
Makarios’ proposals for the constitutional changes (Akritas Plan)
Increasing violence in Cyprus in 1963.
1964: Johnson Letter
Inonu: “A new world order will shape and Turkey will find
its position in it”

7. Search for a New Foreign Policy Strategy
Changing International Context
D’etente after Cuban Missile Crisis in the world.
“Peaceful Coexistence” proposed by Kruschev
Increasing economic help of Soviet Union to many countries.
Increasing relations of France and Germany towards Eastern European Countries.
Rising Anti-Americanism and internal problems of USA due to Vietnam War.

8. Multi-dimensional Foreign Policy
Increasing relations with the Middle East
Turkey supported Palestine in Arab-Israeli conflict
During Arab-Israeli War of 1967 Turkey did not allow the use of the bases and facilities in Turkey to help Israel. (Again in 1973)
Turkish officials continued to declare the US and NATO facilities in Turkey not available for non-NATO military actions in the Gulf or elsewhere in the Middle-East without prior Turkish approval.
Nixon Doctrine (1968) –Twin Pillars Policy

9. Multi-dimensional Foreign Policy
Economic Reasons
Oil crisis and necessity of oil for Turkish industry.

10. Cyprus Intervention 1974 Military coup in Greece in 1967
“Enosis desirable but not feasible.”-Makarios
1974-Greek Junta overthrow Makarios
Cyprus Intervention in 1974

11. Cyprus Issue Till 1983 UN negotiations
In 1983-Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declared independence.

12. Reactions Reactions to Cyprus Intervention 1975-78 US Embargo
Turkey searched for support especially from the Arab countries
Turkey recognised PLO and PLO opened an office in Ankara.
Problems with the EEC (today EU)