1. Resins & Resin combination

2. Resins and Resin combination
Definition :
Amorphous products
Complex chemical nature
Formed in schizogenous or in schizolysigenous ducts or cavities.
Chemical composition :
Resin Acids
Resin Alcohols
Resinotannols
Esters and resenes

3. Resin Acids
Abietic Acid

4. Resin Alcohol

5. Resintannol

6. Esters and Resenes

8. Podophyllum L.N: podophyllum peltatum. F.N: Berberidaceae.
Part used: dried rhizome.

10. Chemical composition :

11. Use and Doses :
Podophyllotoxin display a range of activities such as cathartic, purgative, antiviral, vesicant, and antihelminthic. Additionally, the lignan and its derivatives are exciting leads for anti-tumor agent. For instance, podophyllotoxin is the pharmacological precursor for the important anticancer drug etoposide
It is also used as a gel or solution to treat genital warts with noticeably shorter duration and fewer side effects

12. Podophyllotoxin's anticancer property can be attributed to the inhibition of tubulin polymerization. As podophyllotoxin binds to the tubulin, microtubule formation is prevented. Consequently, podophyllotoxin arrests the cell cycle in the metaphase.
Podophyllotoxin derivatives display binding activity to the enzyme topoisomerase II during the late S and early G2 stage. For instance, etoposide binds and stablizes the temporary break caused by the enzyme, disrupts the reparation of the break through which the double-stranded DNA passes, and consequently stops DNA unwinding and replication

13. Colocynth L.N: citrullus colocynthis. F.N: cucurbitaceae.
Part used: fruits.

15. Part used: fruits

16. Constituents : Phytosterol glycoside Pectin Citrollol B cucurbitacin
Colocynthin

17. Use and Doses :
Purgative
120 mg

18. Jalap L.N: exogonium purga F.N: convolvulaceae
Part used : dried tuberous

20. Part used : dried tuberous

21. Constituent : Resin 8-12% Volatile Oil Starch Gum Sugar
Ipurganol glycoside
Phytosterol glycoside

22. Use and Doses :
Cathartic (hydragogue)
Usual dose 125mg

23. Ipomea (scammony) L.N: Ipomoea orisabensis F.N: convolvulaceae
Part used : dried root

26. Constituent : Resin 6-18% Scopoletin (3,4,dihydroxy cinnamic acid).
Sitosterol glycoside

27. Use and Doses:
Cathartic with hydragogue
Usual dose 1g.

28. Mastic
Is the concrete resinous exudation from: (L.N) Pistacia Lentiscus
F.N: Anacardiaceae

30. Part used : resinous exudation

32. Constituents :
Resin 90%
Volatile Oil 1-2.5% with the balsamic odor

33. Use and Doses:
Mastic is a pharmaceutic aid

34. kava
L.N: Piper methysticum
F.N: Piperaceae
Part used : dried rhizome

36. Part used : dried rhizome

37. Chemical composition :

38. Constituents :
Resin
Dihydromethysticin

39. Use and Drugs: Antipyretic Local anesthetic
Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant

40. Kava
Latin name: Piper methysticum Other names: kava kava, kawa, kew, yagona, sakau Why People Use Kava:
Anxiety
Insomnia
kava is perhaps best known for its relaxing qualities. Kava is said to elevate mood, well-being, and contentment, and produce a feeling of relaxation. Several studies have found that kava may be useful in the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and related nervous disorders.

43. What's It Made Of?:
The main active ingredients in kava root are called kavalactones (kavapyrones). The primary kavalactones (including kawain, dihydrokawain, and methysticum) have been extensively studied in laboratory and animal studies. These substances have been found to reduce convulsions, promote sleep, and relax muscles in animals. They also have pain-relieving properties. This may explain why chewing kava root tends to cause a temporary numbness and tingling sensation on the tongue.
Available Forms:
In some parts of the world, whole kava roots are chewed for their medicinal value. Kava is also available in liquid form, as tinctures or standardized extracts, and powdered in capsules or tablets.

44. How to Take It:
Standardized dosage: mg, times daily as needed for anxiety or nervousness, standardized to contain % kavalactones. Most clinical trials have used the German kava extract WS 1490.
Kava dried root: grams as a decoction (a preparation made by boiling down the herb in water), up to 3 times daily.
It may take 4 weeks before you notice improvement. Kava should not be taken for more than 3 months without a 2-week rest period.

45. Kava is a herbal sedative with purported antianxiety or calming effects:
In one case series involving four patients, kava was associated with extrapyramidal effects at dosages of 100 to 450 mg per day. The extrapyrydimal side effects included oral and lingual dyskinesia, torticollis, painful twisting movements of the trunk, oculogyric crisis and exacerbation of Parkinson’s disease.

46. Kava has also been shown to have additive effects with central nervous system depressants:
A patient who was taking alprazolam (Xanax), cimetidine (Tagamet) and terazosin (Hytrin) became lethargic and disoriented after ingesting kava.
This report involved a 54-year-old man who was admitted to an emergency room in a semi-comatose state. He was lethargic and disoriented. His drug screen was positive for benzodiazepines. After several hours, the patient became more alert and told physicians he had been taking a “natural tranquilizer” called kava for the past three days while taking his other medications (alprazolam, cimetidine and terazosin).

47. Additionally, four cases of involuntary movements were reported when kava and levodopa were taken together.
After the patients discontinued kava, the dyskinesia resolved.

48. Several cases of allergic reactions on patients taking kava increase, kava is lipophilic, it was hypothesized that kava concentrate is sebaceous oils and trigger an immune response, resulting in drug reaction.

49. Possible Interactions:
Do not take kava unless you are under the supervision of a qualified health care provider, especially if you are being treated for any disease. Do not take kava with any prescription and non-prescription medications.
Kava kava may interact with the following:
Anticonvulsants -- Kava may increase the effects of medications used to treat seizures.
Alcohol -- Do not use kava and alcohol together. The risk of impairment and the risk of liver damage are greatly increased.

50. Anxiety agents -- Kava may increase the effects of CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines, used for sleep disturbances or anxiety (particularly alprazolam), and barbiturates (such as pentobarbital) which are used for sleep disorders and seizures.
Antipsychotic medications -- Kava may increase the risk of side effects associated with phenothiazine medications (often used for the treatment of schizophrenia), including chlorpromazine and promethazine.
Levodopa -- There has been at least one report that kava may reduce the effectiveness of levodopa, a medication used to treat Parkinson's disease. Therefore, you should not take this herb if you are taking any medications containing levodopa or if you have Parkinson's disease.

51. What the Science Says
Although scientific studies provide some evidence that kava may be beneficial for the management of anxiety, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a warning that using kava supplements has been linked to a risk of severe liver damage.
Kava is not a proven therapy for other uses.
NCCAM-funded studies on kava were suspended after the FDA issued its warning.

52. Oleoresins
Definition:
Homogenous mixture of Resin and Volatile Oils

53. Turpentine L.N: Pinus palustris F.N: Pinaceae
Part used : concrete oleoresin obtained from pinus palustris (Gum Turpentine)

54. Preparation of Turpentine

55. Preparation of Turpentine

57. Constituent :
Volatile Oil & Resin

58. Use and Doses
It is employed externally as a counterirritant

59. Aspidium (Male Fern) L.N: Dryopteris filix-mas F.N: Polypodiaceae
Part used : rhizome

62. Part used : dried rhizome

63. Constituents :
phloroglucinol
Filicic Acid
Filicin

64. Use and Doses
Antihelmentic (taenifuge)
Usual dose 5g .

65. Capsicum (Cayenne Pepper)
L.N: Capsicum fructescens
F.N: Solanaceae
Part used: fruit

67. Part used : fruits

68. Chemical composition :

69. Constituents :
Volatile Oil 1.5%
Vitamin C up to 0.2%

70. Use and Doses Capsicum is an irritant and a carminative and stimulant
Usual dose 60mg

71. Ginger (Zingiber) L.N: Zingiber officinale , Roscoe F.N: Zingiberaceae
Part used : dried rhizome

73. Part used : dried rhizome

75. Constituents :
Volatile Oil 1-3%
Zingeberon (sesquiterpenes)
Zingeron

76. Use and Doses Ginger is classed as a flavor Aromatic stimulant
Usual dose 0.6g

77. Ginger is a soothing remedy for the stomach and an aid for indigestion.
Larger doses have considerable therapeutic effects. Larger than dietary doses of ginger root (Zingiber officinale) are used to help fight nausea, inflammation and indigestion.

80. The exact mechanism of action of ginger is not known.
Chemical constituents of ginger have demonstrated the ability to inhibit platelet aggregation, inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, and antagonize 5-HT3 receptors.

81. There have been no specific drug interactions noted with ginger.
Empirical evidence suggests that it should be used with caution when patients are currently on anticoagulant therapy.
Yet, no case reports of bleeding complications could be found.

82. Ginger is also considered to be contraindicated for patients with gallstones.
This is due to empirical and animal evidence suggesting that ginger is a cholagogue, or a stimulator of bile flow.

83. Paradoxically, this botanical has an argument for contraindication and efficacy when used in pregnancy.
Empirical evidence has stated that ginger, when taken in larger amounts, can have emmenogogue and abortifacient effects.

84. In contrast, there have been clinical trials showing safety and efficacy in nausea associated with pregnancy.
The dose used was 250 mg powdered ginger, four times a day. This appears to be the maximum dose to ensure safety in pregnancy.
Many authors feel that ginger can be another treatment option for nausea during pregnancy.

85. Asafetida L.N: Ferula asafoetida F.N: apiaceae
Part used : oleogumresin obtained by incising the living rhizome’and root

87. Part used : oleogumresin

88. Constituents : Volatile Oil 20% Asaresinotannol 40% Gum 20%
Ferulic acid

89. Monoisotopic Mass [M+H]+ Average Mass [M+H]+
Name
Molecular Structure
Molecular Formula
Monoisotopic Mass [M+H]+
Average Mass [M+H]+
3-hydroxypicolinic acid (3-hydroxy-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid)
C6H5NO3
nicotinic acid-N-oxide
2'-6'-dihydroxyacetophenone
C8H8O3
gentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid)
C7H6O4
a-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid
C10H7NO3
ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid)
C10H10O4
sinapinic acid (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid)
C11H12O5

90. Use and Doses Carminative Expectorant Antispapmodic Laxative
Usual dose 400mg

91. Storax L.N: Liquidambar orientalis F.N: Hamamelidaceae
Part used : Balsam obtained from the trunk of Liquidambar

93. Part used : Balsam

94. Balsams
Balsams are resinous mixtures that contain large proportions of cinnamic acid, benzoic acid or both or esters of these acids.
The term “balsam” is often wrongly applied to oleoresins and should be reserved for such substances as balsam of Peru, balsam of Tolu and storax, which contain a high proportion of aromatic balsamic acids.

95. Constituents : Resin alcohols : Cinnamate 10-20% Cinnamyl cinnamate 5%
α-storesin
β-storesin
Cinnamate 10-20%
Cinnamyl cinnamate 5%
Free cinnamic acid
vanillin
Cinnamyl cinnamate
Vanillin

96. Use and Doses Pharmaceutic aid Stimulant Expectorant Antiseptic
Usual dose 1g

97. Peruvian Balsam L.N: Myroxylon Pereirae F.N: Fabaceae
Part used : the Balsam is a pathologic prodcuct .

99. Part used : Balsam

100. Constituents : Cinnamein 60% (benzyl cinnamate and benzyl benzoate)
Peruresinotannol
Vanillin
Vanillin
Benzyl cinnamate
Benzyl benzoate

101. Use and Dose Parasiticide
Pharmaceutics : alcoholic solution , and ointment.

102. Tolu Balsam L.N: Myroxylon balsamum F.N: Fabaceae
Part used : balsam of Tolu considered to be a pathologic product .

104. Part used : Balsam

105. Constituents : Toluresinotannol cinnamate Volatile Oil 7-8%
Free benzoic acid
Free cinnamic acid
cinnamein
benzoic acid
cinnamic acid

108. Use and Dose
Expectorant
Flvoring

109. Benzoin L.N: Styrax Benzoin F.N: Styraceae
Part used : the balsamic resin obtained from Styrax

112. Part used : balsam resin

113. Constituents :
Cinnamic acid 10%
Benzoic acid 6%
Benzyl benzoate

114. Use and Dose
Antiseptic
Stimulant
Expectorant
diuretic

115. Myrrh (Gum myrrh) L.N: Commiphora Abyssinica F.N: Burseraceae
Part used : oleogumresin

117. Part used : oleogumresin

118. Constituents:
Resin 25% (commiphoric acid)
Pyrocatechin
Pyrocatechin

119. Use and Doses
Stimulant and a stomachic