1. Next Families in Organic Chemistry

2. Alcohols
Functional group is the group of atoms responsible for the characteristic properties of a series of organic compounds
In the alcohols it is the OH [hydroxyl] group
General Formula CnH2n+1OH
Members of this Homologous Series are
Methanol CH3OH
Ethanol C2H5OH
Propanol C3H7OH
Butanol C4H9OH etc.

3. Primary Alcohols H H H | | | H - C - C - C - OH Propan-1-ol H H H
| | |
H - C - C - C - OH
H H H
Propan-1-ol
The C to which the OH is attached has only got one C attached directly to it.

4. Secondary Alcohols H H H | | | H - C - C - C - H H OH H Propan-2-ol
| | |
H - C - C - C - H
H OH H
Propan-2-ol
The C to which the OH is attached has got two C’s attached directly to it.

5. Distillation Distillation [fractional] produces spirits
Concentrates the alcohol
whiskey [whisky - scotch]
gin
vodka
brandy
about 40% v/v ethanol
In 100 cm3 – 40 cm3 alcohol / 60 cm3 H2O

6. Effects of alcohol All are toxic methanol especially toxic
ethanol is only alcohol for drinking
relaxes muscles and reduces inhibitions
affects CNS - depresses activity
slows reaction time
impairs judgement

7. 40 mg per 100 cm3 of blood legal limit for driving
volatile enough to pass from blood to air in lungs and can be measured in exhaled air
it is addictive
liver damage
brain damage
lots of other bits also damaged

8. Uses of alcohols Beverage Fuel Solvent –
Beer 4%
Wine 12%
Spirit 35-40%
Fuel
On own
Gasohol - 20% alcohol
Solvent –
dissolves both ionic and covalent
Preservative
of biological specimens

9. Aldehydes

10. [R can be H or alkyl group]
Functional group CHO
R — C = O  H
[R can be H or alkyl group]
Methanal HCHO
Ethanal CH3CHO
Propanal C2H5CHO
Butanal C3H7CHO

11. Show chemical, expanded and condensed structural formulae e. g
Show chemical, expanded and condensed structural formulae e.g. 2-methylbutanal
CH3CH2CH(CH3)CHO
H H H
| | |
H - C - C - C – C = O
| | | |
H H CH3 H
N.B. number from the functional group.
Name aldehyde is derived from
Alcohol dehydrogenation

12. Ketones

13. Ketones R R’ — C O
R and R’ = alkyl group it cannot be an H or the compound would be an Aldehyde

14. O — — CH3 — C — C2H5 Names up to C4 Propanone - CH3.CO.CH3
Butanone – C2H5.CO.CH3 O — —
CH3 — C —
C2H5

15. Carboxylic acids

16. Functional Group ▬ COOH— C O
R can be alkyl group or H

17. Names Methanoic acid HCOOH [formic acid] Sting of ants and nettles
Ethanoic acid CH3COOH
[acetic acid or vinegar]
Propanoic acid C2H5COOH , Butanoic acid C3H7COOH.
Count the C of the COOH in name.

18. (i) Natural Production
Oxidation of alcohols by atmospheric oxygen assisted by the bacterium Mycoderma aceti which is carried on the feet of the vinegar fly. [fruit fly]
Wine vinegar and malt vinegar are made this way.
C2H5OH + O2 = CH3COOH + H2O

19. In a family of organic compounds, what effect does the carbon chain getting longer have on
The melting point  - Increases as there are more forces to break
The boiling point – Increases as long chains wrap around each other making them hard to separate
The solubility – Decreases in water as non polar part increases
The density - Increases