1. TERRORISM

2. WHAT IS IT?
Terrorism = The calculated use of violence or threat of violence to inculcate fear, intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally:
Political-Shining Path, Aryan Nation
Religious-Hezbollah, IRA
Special Interest/Ideological-PETA, Earth First

3. U.S. POLICY TOWARD TERRORISM
All terrorist acts are criminal and intolerable
U.S. will support all lawful measures to prevent terrorism, or bring terrorists to justice
No concessions to terrorists

4. TERRORIST STRATEGY/GOALS
Generate influence
Terrorism is a criminal activity perpetrated to draw attention to a cause
Generate Publicity
Target is means, not the end
Target symbolizes what terrorists oppose

5. MUNICH OLYMPICS (1972) Black September Organization
11 Israeli athletes murdered
Israelis were immediate victims
Terrorists desired worldwide media attention for plight of Palestinian refugees

6. TERRORIST STRATEGY/GOALS
Effectiveness of terrorist act does not lie in the mere act
Effectiveness is gauged by government or public reaction
Beirut/1983
241 Marines killed
U.S. withdraws from Beirut

7. TERRORIST STRATEGY/GOALS
Produce widespread fear
Harass, weaken, or embarrass government security forces
Discourage foreign investment, tourism or assistance programs that affect the country’s economy and support for the government
Free prisoners
Satisfy vengeance

8. TERRORIST TACTIC: BOMBING OR ARSON World Trade Center New York City Feb 26, 1993
Six killed; over 1,000 wounded
Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman
Ramzi Yousef
Hoped to cause tower to collapse onto its twin to make US pay for supporting Israel

9. TERRORIST TACTIC: BOMBING OR ARSON Marine Barracks/Beirut International Airport Beirut, Lebanon 23 October 1983
241 Dead
105 Injured
Hizbollah
Anti-western, anti-Isralei
Pro-Iran
Seeks to establish Iranian style Islamic govt in Lebanon.
Trained and financed by Iran
Leads to US withdrawal from Lebanon.

10. TERRORIST TACTIC: HOSTAGE TAKING Moscow Theater October 2002
Chechen separatist guerillas hold 750 or more theater patrons for several days
Armed with rifles, explosives, grenades
Demand immediate end to Russian incursions into secessionist Chechnya province

11. TERRORIST TACTIC: KIDNAPPING Wall Street Journal Reporter Daniel Pearl Jan - Feb 2002
National Movement for the Restoration of Pakistani Sovereignty
Demand the release from U.S. custody of suspected Taliban and al-Qaida fighters and Afghanistan's former ambassador to Pakistan, Abdul Salam Zaeef
Daniel Pearl murdered

12. TERRORIST TACTIC: ASSASSINATION Egyptian President Anwar Sadat October 6 1981
Islami Fundamentalist murder during annual military parade
Sadat considered traitor to Islam for signing the Camp David Peace Accords with Israel

13. TERRORIST TACTIC: HIJACKINGS Pan Am Flight 103 December 21, 1988
270 killed
Including 35 students from Syracuse University
Libyan or Iranian backed
If Iranian, in response to downing of Iran Air by USS Vincennes

14. TERRORIST TACTIC: SEIZURE Japanese Embassy Lima, Peru Dec 1996
71 hostages taken by Tupac Amaru
Sought freedom for imprisoned comrades
1 hostage, 2 soldiers, 14 terrorists killed during raid

15. TERRORIST TACTIC: CYBERTERRORISM Defense Department February 1998 (Over a two–week period)
In our computer dependent world, the potential targets are endless
Consider the damage that could be done by attacking Wall Street’s computers, traffic light control computers, prison computers, banks, the Pentagon or AOL

16. TERRORIST TACTIC: WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION Tokyo Subway Gas Attack Tokyo March 20, 1995
12 killed, 5K sickened
Sarin gas – first use of biological/chemical weapons by terrorists
Doomsday cult Aum Shinrikyo sought downfall of Japanese government

17. TERRORIST TACTIC: SABOTAGE & HOAXES Nation alerted to threats since 9/11
Infrastructure vulnerable to sabotage
Terrorist group may make a threat, of which they are capable of carrying out
No intention of carrying out threat
Hoax has the effect of  tying up security forces
In achieving widespread fear, the terrorist is as successful as actually carrying out the act

18. TERRORIST TACTIC: ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION Nation alerted to threats since 9/11
Environmental terrorism involves targeting natural resources
Water
Example: Attack an oil tanker
Air
Not Eco-terrorism
Eco-terrorism involves targeting the built environment (such as roads, buildings, and trucks), ostensibly in defense of natural resources

19. REVIEW AND QUESTIONS DEFINE TERRORISM U.S. POLICY TOWARD TERRORISTS
TERRORIST STRATEGY/GOALS
COMMON TERRORIST TACTICS

20. SUMMARY