1. 16
Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

2. Initially, cytoplasmic determinants are localized in one part of a zygote and could be which of the following? (Choose more than one answer.)
gene
mRNA
transcription factor
ribosome
myoblast
Answer: B, C.
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3. Initially, cytoplasmic determinants are localized in one part of a zygote and could be which of the following? (Choose more than one answer.)
gene
mRNA
transcription factor
ribosome
myoblast
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4. The shape of an organ, the number of brain cells in an embryonic brain, the removal of mutated cells, and the webbing cells between the toes of a human embryo are all regulated by which of the following?
certain cells becoming much larger
certain cells shrinking
certain cells dying
formation of embryonic cells
concentration of Bicoid protein
Answer: C.
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5. The shape of an organ, the number of brain cells in an embryonic brain, the removal of mutated cells, and the webbing cells between the toes of a human embryo are all regulated by which of the following?
certain cells becoming much larger
certain cells shrinking
certain cells dying
formation of embryonic cells
concentration of Bicoid protein
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6. The photograph shows Rainbow and CC (CC is Rainbow’s clone)
The photograph shows Rainbow and CC (CC is Rainbow’s clone). Why is CC’s coat pattern different from Rainbow’s given that CC and Rainbow are genetically identical?
random X chromosome inactivation
heterozygous at coat color gene locus
environmental effects on gene expression
all of the above
Answer: D. See Figure
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7. The photograph shows Rainbow and CC (CC is Rainbow’s clone)
The photograph shows Rainbow and CC (CC is Rainbow’s clone). Why is CC’s coat pattern different from Rainbow’s given that CC and Rainbow are genetically identical?
random X chromosome inactivation
heterozygous at coat color gene locus
environmental effects on gene expression
all of the above
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8. Which of the following would not typically cause a proto-oncogene to become an oncogene?
gene repression
translocation
amplification
point mutation
retroviral activation
Answer: A.
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9. Which of the following would not typically cause a proto-oncogene to become an oncogene?
gene repression
translocation
amplification
point mutation
retroviral activation
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10. Which of the following is not a likely example of induction?
the optic cup of a tadpole brain signaling the overlaying epidermis to form a lens
the anchor cell of a nematode signaling the overlaying epidermis to form the vulva
the transcription factor MyoD activating target genes
the heart mesoderm of a chick signaling the adjacent endoderm to form the liver
Answer: C. Induction is a cell-to-cell or tissue-to-tissue interaction. Without knowing the details of any of these examples, students should be able to make this distinction.
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11. Which of the following is not a likely example of induction?
the optic cup of a tadpole brain signaling the overlaying epidermis to form a lens
the anchor cell of a nematode signaling the overlaying epidermis to form the vulva
the transcription factor MyoD activating target genes
the heart mesoderm of a chick signaling the adjacent endoderm to form the liver
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12. If cell type A induces cell type B to form cell type C, which of the following experimental results would not be expected?
Removal of cell type A results in loss of cell type B.
Removal of cell type A results in loss of cell type C.
Removal of cell type B results in loss of cell type C.
Additional cell type A results in additional cell type C.
Answer: A.
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13. If cell type A induces cell type B to form cell type C, which of the following experimental results would not be expected?
Removal of cell type A results in loss of cell type B.
Removal of cell type A results in loss of cell type C.
Removal of cell type B results in loss of cell type C.
Additional cell type A results in additional cell type C.
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14. Liver cells in your body are different in many ways from nerve cells in your body. What is the fundamental reason for these differences?
Liver cells and nerve cells have different genes.
Nerve cells have more important genes than liver cells.
Liver cells express different genes than nerve cells.
Nerve cells are more active than liver cells.
Answer: C.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Liver cells in your body are different in many ways from nerve cells in your body. What is the fundamental reason for these differences?
Liver cells and nerve cells have different genes.
Nerve cells have more important genes than liver cells.
Liver cells express different genes than nerve cells.
Nerve cells are more active than liver cells.
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16. Apoptosis is a good explanation for all of the following phenomena except one. Which one?
regression of tail tissue during frog metamorphosis
formation of wings during fruit fly metamorphosis
formation of interdigital space during mouse limb development
loss of precisely 131 cells during nematode development
Answer: B. Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death. Without knowing the details of any of these examples, students should be able to distinguish cell death from non-cell death.
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17. Apoptosis is a good explanation for all of the following phenomena except one. Which one?
regression of tail tissue during frog metamorphosis
formation of wings during fruit fly metamorphosis
formation of interdigital space during mouse limb development
loss of precisely 131 cells during nematode development
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18. In fruit fly development, which of the following proteins should be considered a morphogen?
the protein reaper, which signals apoptosis
the protein Antennapedia, which helps determine appendage development
the protein engrailed, which helps determine segmentation
the protein dorsal, which specifies dorso-ventral patterning in a concentration-dependent manner
Answer: D. Without knowing the details of any of these examples, students should be able to determine that morphogens act in concentration gradients.
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19. In fruit fly development, which of the following proteins should be considered a morphogen?
the protein reaper, which signals apoptosis
the protein Antennapedia, which helps determine appendage development
the protein engrailed, which helps determine segmentation
the protein dorsal, which specifies dorso-ventral patterning in a concentration-dependent manner
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20. Arrange the following terms describing cell fate as they would occur sequentially during normal development: pluripotent, determined, totipotent.
pluripotent, determined, totipotent
totipotent, pluripotent, determined
totipotent, determined, pluripotent
pluripotent, totipotent, determined
Answer: B.
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21. Arrange the following terms describing cell fate as they would occur sequentially during normal development: pluripotent, determined, totipotent.
pluripotent, determined, totipotent
totipotent, pluripotent, determined
totipotent, determined, pluripotent
pluripotent, totipotent, determined
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22. In the Dolly sheep cloning experiment, which type of cell would the DNA of one of Dolly’s mammary cells most closely resemble?
a mammary cell of her surrogate mother
the oocyte of her surrogate mother
a mammary cell of her cell donor
the oocyte of her cell donor
Answer: C.
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23. In the Dolly sheep cloning experiment, which type of cell would the DNA of one of Dolly’s mammary cells most closely resemble?
a mammary cell of her surrogate mother
the oocyte of her surrogate mother
a mammary cell of her cell donor
the oocyte of her cell donor
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24. Which statement most accurately compares the developmental potency of embryonic and adult stem cells?
They have an equal, large potential.
Embryonic stem cells have greater potential.
Adult stem cells have greater potential.
They have an equal, low potential.
Answer: B.
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25. Which statement most accurately compares the developmental potency of embryonic and adult stem cells?
They have an equal, large potential.
Embryonic stem cells have greater potential.
Adult stem cells have greater potential.
They have an equal, low potential.
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26. With regard to oncogenes, which of the following mutations might contribute to cancer?
loss of function of a cell cycle–promoting gene
gain of function of a cell cycle–promoting gene
loss of function of a cell cycle–inhibiting gene
gain of function of a cell cycle–inhibiting gene
Answer: B, C.
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27. With regard to oncogenes, which of the following mutations might contribute to cancer?
loss of function of a cell cycle–promoting gene
gain of function of a cell cycle–promoting gene
loss of function of a cell cycle–inhibiting gene
gain of function of a cell cycle–inhibiting gene
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.