1. Photolytic Polymerization

2. Review of radical, ionic polymerization
Free-radical polymerization (chain reaction)
- Initiators (direct method, Azo compounds,
peroxides, or redox reactions)
Ionic polymerization
- Initiators (alkali metal suspensions and alkyl or
aryllithium reagents)
Photo polymerization can also be induced by supplying the initiation energy through irradiation with visible or ultraviolet light, high-energy or ionizing radiation, or by the passage of an electric current.

3. 1. Photochemical polymerization 1.1 Advantages and Uses
Avoidance of chemical contamination by initiator residues
Convenience of photochemical reactions
A wide range of reaction temperatures
Utilization of photo polymerization and photo cross-linking for
practical photographic process

4. 1.2 Photopolymerization Process
Light
Monometer or un-cross-linked polymer
Negative
Base
Cross-linked
polymer
Solvent to remove unpolymerized or un-cross-linked material
Relief image
Figure_ Photopolymerization as photographic process. Illumination of a monomer or a cross-linkable polymer forms an insoluble relief image.

5. 1.3 Monomers that undergo photopolymerization
Any monomer that will undergo chain reaction polymerization is susceptible to photopolymerization or photosensitized polymerization. The absorption steps and the termination reactions are generally not affected.
The advantage of photopolymerization and photosensitized polymerization is that the initiation process may take place over a wide range of temperatures and with a greater specificity than is found in chemically initiated systems.
Other monomers, such as styrene or methyl methacrylate, are susceptible to direct photopolymerization when exposed to 300 nm or shorter wavelength light.

6. 1.4 Experimental Technique: A Photosensitized Polymerization of Styrene

7. 1.5 Mechanism of Initiation by Direct Photolysis of the Monomer
Two different types of direct photoinitiation can be recognized.
First, light absorption yields an electronically excited monomer molecule which subsequently decomposes to give radical fragments.

8. Rate of initiation
The rate of initiation of the chains and the dependence of this rate on the monomer concentration and temperature is quite different in photochemical initiator from the situation found in thermal initiation.
Rate of initiation for thermal initiation
Rate of initiation for photoinitiation

9. The rate of initiating radical formation in a photoinitiation process is almost independent of the temperature but is proportional to the monomer concentration.

10. Second, initiation mechanism is exemplified by the photopolymerization of styrene or methyl methacrylate.
Fluorescence
Diradical

11. 1.6 Photosensitized polymerizations
Photosensitizers are substances that produce free radicals when they absorb ultraviolet or visible light.
The same substances that are used for thermal initiation are often used for photosensitization. Azo compounds and peroxides are photosensitizers, and the photoinitiaion reaction is the same as is the thermal initiation process.
For example, azoisopropane does not dissociate sufficiently rapidly below 180 oC to be a useful thermal initiator. However, it photodissociates even at low temperatures when irradiated with near-ultraviolet light:

12. 1.7 Photosensitizers for photopolymerization

13. Photolithography
A process used in microfabrication to pattern parts of a thin film or the bulk of a substrate
Transfer process of a geometric pattern from a photomaks to a light-sensitive chemical photoresist on the substrate

14. What is lithography? 석판화 기술, 인쇄 기술 Litho (돌) + graphy (그림, 글자)
Recently
Semiconductor manufacturing:
Microlithography = transfer the pattern of circuits from a photomask to a
wafer (a thin slice of silicon or other semiconductor material on which
chips are made

15. Lithography Analogy Exposure instruments Camera
“Taking pattern on silicon wafer”
사진film Mask
Photo paper (인화지)
Wafer
감광제
Photo-resist감광제
햇빛, 조명
Laser light source

16. Photo-resist
A photoresist is a light-sensitive material used in several industrial processes, such as photolithography.
Phenolic resins
Epoxy-based polymer

17. Process of photolithography