1. Ch 19 The Water Planet

2. Global Ocean- the body of water that covers 71% of the Earth’s surface (contains 97% of Earth’s water)
Divisions:
Atlantic
Pacific
Indian
Arctic
Southern

3. B. Sea- a large body of water that is smaller than an ocean and is partially surrounded by land
i. Caribbean Sea
ii. Mediterranean Sea
iii. South China Sea

4. Oceanography- the study of oceans, including physical characteristics, chemical composition, and life forms
Matthew Maury- father of modern oceanography (1855)

5. 1872-1876- British Navy sent HMS Challenger sailed Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans

6. Sonar- (sound navigation and ranging) transmitter sends out sound waves which bounce off ocean floor. (much like an echo) Distance is calculated by the time it takes sound to travel to an object and bounce back.

7. Submersibles- little submarines
Manned
unmanned- robots made most exciting discoveries (new species, vents, etc)

8. Ch 19-2 Features of the Ocean Floor
Continental Margin- the shallow part of the ocean floor made of continental crust and a thick wedge of sediment
shorelines are not the boundaries between the continental and oceanic crust

9. continental shelf- the part of the continent covered by water
gently sloping
average depth is 60 meters
Continental slope- the very steep drop off from continental shelf to continental rise
may contain deep valleys where rivers empty into ocean, called canyons
base of continental rise is the boundary between continental and oceanic crusts
Continental Rise- a raised area of sediments at the base of the continental slope

10. Deep-ocean basins
Trenches: long narrow depressions (can be meters deep)
Abyssal plains: vast flat areas under at least 4 km of water.
Cover about ½ the deep oceans
Covered in a thick layer of sediment
Mid Ocean ridges: under water mountain chains which form where tectonic plates are pulling away from each other and forming new crust

11. Seamounts: underwater volcanic mountains over 1 km tall that may rise up out of the water
Guyots: flat topped seamounts that were once islands, but have since eroded and are submerged

12. Ch 19-3 Ocean Floor Sediments:

13. Sediments: dirt, debris and organic materials that drift down to the ocean floor
Collected for examination by either scooping or core sampling.

14. Inorganic sediments:
rock particles carried from land by rivers
Rock particles from icebergs broken off of glaciers
Meteorites
Organic or biogenic sediments: dead organisms or waste products from living organisms

15. Chemical Deposits: crystallized ocean chemicals, often in the form of nodules
Classification of sediments in the deep ocean basin:
Mud
very fine clay and silt particles (makes up 40%)
Can be red, green, yellow, blue, gray or brown

16. Ooze
biogenic materials and fine mud (makes up 40%)
Calcareous ooze- made of calcium carbonate ( found in more shallow water)
siliceous ooze- made of silicon dioxide from diatoms (found in cool water, especially around Antarctica)