1. Human Anatomy and Physiology II
Lab 2:
Blood Pathologies
Heart Anatomy

2. Activity 1 Blood Pathologies
Observe prepared slides of blood smears taken from patients with the following disorders:
pernicious anemia
iron deficiency anemia
sickle cell anemia
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
eosinophilia

3. Anemia refers to any condition in which there is a reduction in the number of RBCs or a reduction in the concentration of normal hemoglobin
Anemia can be classified according to etiology (cause) or on the basis of morphology –
For morphological classification, the following terms are used:
RBC Size
RBC Color
Microcytic: small size
Hypochromic: pale color
Normocytic: normal size
Normochormic: normal color
Macrocytic: large size
Hyperchromic: dark color

4. caused by vitamin B12 deficiency
Pernicious Anemia:
caused by vitamin B12 deficiency
Can be either macrocytic, hyperchromic or macrocytic, normochromic
Note the enlarged, dark red blood cells, and the hypersegmented neutrophil in this smear

5. Iron Deficiency Anemia
caused by iron insufficiency leading to decreased hemoglobin synthesis
Is an example of microcytic, hypochromic anemia
Note the small erythrocytes of varying sizes and the large area of central pallor

6. Sickle Cell Anemia:
caused by a single amino acid substitution in the β chain of hemoglobin (valine replaces glutamic acid)
This is a normochromic, normocytic anemia
Note the sickle shaped erythrocytes.

7. Disorders Related to Leukocytes:
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
caused by malignant lymphocyte progenitor cells in bone marrow
Note the abundant small lymphocytes in this blood smear
The lymphocyte nucleus may have a small indentation, or cleft

8. Eosinophilia
many causes, including malignancy, connective tissue diseases, parasitic diseases, allergies; in some cases, no known cause
Note the two normal looking eosinophils in the field

9. Objective 2 Human Heart Anatomy
The heart has an apex and a base:
Base
Apex

10. The heart is surrounded by a pericardium:
Human Heart In the Thorax Pericardial Sac Cut Open
Surrounded by the pericardium

11. The wall of the heart consists of three tissue layers:
1. Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

12. Structures Visible On the Anterior Surface/Associated Vessels:
Brachiocephalic Left Common Left Subclavian Artery Carotid Artery Artery
Superior Vena Cava
Right Pulmonary Veins
Right Auricle
Pulmonary Trunk
Inferior Vena Cava
Aortic Arch
Left Pulmonary Veins
Left Auricle
Anterior Interventricular Sulcus

13. Structures Visible on The Posterior Surface:
Aorta
Pulmonary Veins
Coronary Sinus
Superior Vena Cava
Pulmonary Arteries
Inferior Vena Cava
Posterior Interventricular Sulcus

14. The Heart Has Four Chambers:
Interatrial Septum: lies between the atria
Interventricular Septum: lies between the ventricles

15. Internal Structures of the Heart
Pectinate Muscle
Fossa Ovalis
Tricuspid Valve
Chordae Tendineae
Papillary Muscles
Bicuspid Valve
Semilunar Valves
Trabeculae Carneae
Interventricular Septum

16. These two Structures of the Adult Heart Are Remnants of Fetal Circulation:
Ligamentum Arteriosum
Fossa Ovalis

17. The heart receives its own branch of systemic circulation – there vessels collectively are called coronary circulation
Arteries Veins

18. A Sectioned Preserved Human Heart: Interatrial septum Right atrium
Left atrium
Interventricular septum’
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
9. Pulmonary trunk
Frontal Section: anterior view of posterior section

19. Sheep’s Heart Dissection:
note the thickness of the right ventricular and left ventricular walls
Frontal section: posterior view of anterior section

20. Cardiac Muscle in found in the myocardium:

21. Muscle Tissue Location Structure Function
Cardiac Muscle
Location Structure Function
heart wall cells (myocytes) are faintly provide pressure striated and branching for the circulation with one (or two) of blood centrally placed nuclei
cells are connected by intercalated discs (gap junctions/desmosomes)
Intercalated Disc
Nuclei

22. Location Structure Function
Skeletal Muscle
Location Structure Function
Attached to the long, thin cells (fibers) are posture, movement
skeleton striated and multinucleated, stabilizes joints nuclei are in the periphery of the cell
                                      
nucleus