1. Footprinting and Scanning

2. Protect from Target acquisition and information gathering
footprinting
scanning
enumeration
initial access
privilege escalation
covering tracks

3. Footprinting
gathering target information
profile of security posture

4. Scope of footprinting Organization, region, location
open source search
web page (save it offline, e.g. teleport )
yahoo or other directories
search engines (Google , Bing, etc.)
publicly trade companies (e.g. EDGAR)
satellite images of a location using Google Earth.
countermeasures
remove unnecessary information from web pages
create security policies (see Site Security Handbook)

5. Network enumeration Identify domain names and networks
registrar query. In Linux/UNIX issue whois In Windows download whois and use it at the command prompt whois “domain” as shown in this example. You can also do this online at ARIN or use the Dossier option in the CentralOps site. You can also use the Spade tool to get some of this information.
Please note that ARIN is only one of the Regional Internet Registries. Another source of information is IANA.
Please note the address, phone numbers, IP blocks assigned to the organization, administrator’s , etc.
countermeasures: only administrative cleanup, because the information is required for registration.

6. DNS interrogation Use the Spade tool to check DNS.
Use the dig tool in Spade to obtain the authoritative DNS for the organization (it will also provide mail server, etc, IP numbers).
A zone transfer asks the authoritative name server of an organization for all the information it knows about a domain (it should not provide the information).
Mail relay check asks a mail server to relay mail for you (it should not relay your message).
Countermeasures: deny all unauthorized inbound connections to port 53. You can also set directives at the DNS server. This prevents zone transfer, but not nslookup to each IP number.
Network Reconnaissance
traceroute (tracert) allows to study the network topology (identify the nodes in the network). See this example.

7. Scanning
After obtaining a list of network and IP addresses scanning starts:
ping sweeps (active machines): use nmap in Windows and in Linux/UNIX.
TCP port scanning (open ports in active machines): SYN and connect scans work with most hosts. SYN is stealthier and may not be logged. In Windows use SuperScan or Nmap and in Linux/UNIX use nmap. See an example of SuperScan. BUT, hackers use scripts with binary files, not graphical tools.
UDP port scanning: use nmap and also online here.
countermeasures: detection using TcpView (see an example of what it logs). Later we will learn to install an IDS program (snort), the way to protect from ping sweeps and port scanning. NAT is a first step. See more free/shareware security tools here.

8. More in Scanning OS detection (stack fingerprinting):
probe the TCP/IP stack because it varies with OSs. Requires at least one listening port to make determination.
why is it important? There are hacker tools OS and Net device specific. In Linux/UNIX use nmap with -O. You can use the Netcraft site to check the OS of a host running a Web server.
countermeasures: standards, filtering requests at firewall.
OS detection (passive signatures):
monitoring the traffic the operating system can be detected, among other things. Siphon is a recent Linux/UNIX tool, but nmap is the main tool.
Once the OS is identified enumeration can take place .