1. Introduction to Physical Science
Chapter 1
Introduction to Physical Science

2. 9 Lab Safety Rules – These are a MUST!!!
Follow Directions
Wear Eye Protection when instructed by teacher
Report Accidents or Unsafe Conditions Immediately
No Long Sleeves or Long Hair
Be Very Cautious with Chemicals
Be Careful with Fire -
No “Horseplay”
Clean up and Wash When Done
No Open-Toed Shoes

4. Common Lab Equipment Ring stand Watch glass Forceps Hot Glove Tongs
Test tube holder
Pipet
Goggles
Test tube rack
Hot plate
Graduated Cylinder
Mortar and pestle
Beaker
Bunsen burner
Wire gauze
Funnel
Test tube
Scoopula
Thermometer
Wire brush
Ring clamp
Erlenmeyer flask
Florence flask
Spring Scale

5. Intro to Physical Science
Branches of Science: Life Science, Earth Science, Physical Science
Physical Science - the study of matter and energy and how they interact
What is Matter? - Anything that has mass, that you can measure
What is Energy? Electrical, sound, thermal (heat), chemical, nuclear, etc.
2 Branches of Physical Science
Physics – studies energy (motion, waves, heat)
Chemistry – studies matter (atoms, elements)

6. Observations
Observations – information we gather directly through our 5 senses
Inference - A logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge

7. Which is which?
 It’s snowing outside. observation
The boat will sink because it has a hole in it. inference
Otis won’t be here tonight; I know this because he wasn’t in school today. inference

8. There are two types of observations.
Basically, observations are information we gather and inferences help explain those observations.
There are two types of observations.
Qualitative
Quantitative

9. Qualitative
Qualitative observation: (quality) Usually made with our senses.
Color, shape, feel, taste, sound.
Examples:
Olivia is wearing a blue sweater.
The lab tabletop is smooth.
The dog’s fur is shiny.
Come up with your own - _____________________________

10. Quantitative
Quantitative observation: (quantity) How many. Will always have a number.
Based on exact measurement.
Examples:
The room is 8 meters across.
Sarah is 141-cm tall.
Sam weighs 450 Newtons.
Come up with your own - _____________________________

11. Making Inferences
You are at the counter in the office to get a bus pass signed. You see a student leave the principal’s office crying and upset. We could make an inference as to why the student is upset.
First though, what were the observations made?
Could be in trouble (ISS, OSS, expelled)
Family problems at home (sick, accident)
Student not feeling well
Student has poor grades (failing, retention)

12. Inference Brain Teasers
A Vase or Two Faces?

13. Duck or Rabbit?

14. Young Woman or Old Lady?

15. Woman gazing into a mirror or a skull?

16. Is the man walking toward the camera or away from it?

17. Six cubes or ten?

18. Good or Evil?

19. Man’s face or woman walking?

21. Lion laying down or hand print?

22. Last one!
Young woman or old lady?

23. Observation and Inferences Worksheet

24. Bellringer
Write down 3 observations that you think are important to the picture.
Based on your observations come up with 2 inferences.

27. Scientific Method Title Problem Hypothesis – I think… or I believe…
Materials
Procedure
Observations/Data
Conclusions – According to my results, my hypothesis was in/correct + 2 supporting sentences
Repeat if necessary

28. Need a way to remember the order of the scientific method?
The Proper Host Makes People Obey Certain Rules
Tyler Put His Mother’s Paper On Computer Rapidly

29. Theory vs. Law
Theory – is an explanation of things or events based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations.
Just because a scientific theory has data supporting it does not mean it will never change.
Examples: Evolution, Big Bang Theory

30. Law – explains what happens in nature that has been tested many times and is true for all solutions.
Tell you what will happen under certain conditions
Doesn’t explain why or how something happens
A theory can be used to explain a law
Examples: law of gravity, Newton’s laws of motion

31. SCIENTIFIC THEORY
A scientific explanation to a pattern in the natural world
Many observations and much evidence is needed in order to create a valid theory.
Scientific investigation is a key part when creating theories.
Theories may be supported by scientific evidence at the time but may be incorrect.
Evidence may change with time; better technology
Example: Geocentric (earth in middle of solar system) to Heliocentric model (sun in middle of solar system)

32. EXAMPLES of SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
Big Bang Theory
The universe has expanded from hot, dense, gaseous conditions.
Tectonic Plate Theory
The surface of the earth is composed of tectonic plates, which move slowly.
Atomic Theory
All matter is made up of atoms.
Theory of Matter and Energy
Matter and Energy are always conserved.
Cell Theory
Cells form the foundation, the basic unit of all living organisms.
Theory of Evolution
All life on earth evolved from simple forms.

33. SCIENTIFIC LAW
This is a statement of fact meant to describe an action or set of actions.
Can sometimes be expressed in terms of a single mathematical equation
It is generally accepted to be true and universal, and can sometimes be expressed in terms of a single mathematical equation.
They are accepted at face value based upon the fact that they have always been observed to be true.
Specifically, scientific laws must be simple, true, universal, and absolute.

34. EXAMPLES of SCIENTIFIC LAWS
Ohm’s Law
I = V/R
Relationship between current, voltage, and resistance
Named after Georg Ohm
Newton’s Law s
Objects at rest/motion stay at rest/motion until a force acts on it.
Objects will accelerate in the direction of the force (F = M*A).
Action-Reaction forces (equal and opposite)
Law of Segregation
For any pair of characteristics there is only one gene in a gamete even though there are two genes in ordinary cells.
Founder – Gregor Mendel
Ideal Gas Law
Combination of Charles's and Boyle’s gas laws.
Formula: pV = nRT
Relates pressure, temperature, and volume of gasses

35. KNOWLEDGE CHECK
What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law?
Can a scientific theory change over time? Why?
List 2 examples of scientific theory and scientific law.

36. KNOWLEDGE CHECK
What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law? Laws are generalizations about what has happened; Theories are explanations of observations (or of laws).
Can a scientific theory change over time? Why? Yes, as technology progresses, new evidence can be discovered helping to justify or falsify a theory.
List 2 examples of scientific theory and scientific law. Theory: Atomic theory, Big Bang theory; Law: Newton’s Laws, Law of Segregation

37. Science and Technology
Pure Science – the gathering of new information
Scientists who do experiments to learn more about the world
Examples - Astronomy, biology, chemistry, earth science, physics
Technology (Applied Science) – the practical use of pure science
The use of scientific knowledge to solve everyday problems or improve the quality of life
Examples - Electronics, computer science, engineering, nanotech, nuclear tech, etc.

38. Positive and Negative Effects of Technology
Simplify our life
Medical advances with technology
Learn more about our surroundings
Discover the unknown in outer space and under water
Negative
Pollution
Weapons
Waste energy
Accidents
Cars (texting while driving)
Nuclear engineering
A-bomb

39. Bellringer What is the order of steps to the scientific method?
The statement “According to my results, my hypothesis was correct” belongs to which step of the scientific method?
Title, Problem, Hypothesis, Materials, Procedure, Observations/Data, Conclusion, Repeat
Conclusion

40. Performing an Experiment
An experiment usually contains at least 2 variables
Variable – factor that can cause a change in the results of an experiment

41. Dependent variable (responding variable) – is what you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment
What I observe
On a graph, this is found on the y-axis
Independent variable (manipulated variable)– is the variable you have control over, what you can choose and manipulate
What I change
On a graph, this is found on the x-axis

42. Examples:
1) Comparing the amount of time spent studying & your test scores
Independent variable – studying
Dependent variable – test scores
2) You are interested in if a certain color of flower is preferred by butterflies for pollination.
Independent variable – flower color
Dependent variable – pollination by butterflies

43. Examples:
3) Imagine that you wished to know if listening to music during study hall would increase productivity of school work.
Independent variable – music or no music
Dependent variable – productivity

44. A factor that does not change is called a constant
A control is the standard by which the test results can be compared

45. When performing an experiment you should be careful not to be biased.
A bias occurs when what the scientist expects changes how the results are viewed.

46. Section 2 – Standards of Measurement
International System of Units (SI units)
SI standards are universally accepted and understood by scientists throughout the world.
Each type has a base unit
Based on multiples of 10

47. Length Base unit is the meter
Represented by lower case m
The size of the object being measured determines which unit you will measure in.
A meter is about the same size as a baseball bat
A school bus is about 10 meters long

48. 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
Measuring Length
1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
How many millimeters are in 1 centimeter?
What is the length of the line in centimeters? _______cm
What is the length of the line in millimeters? _______mm
What is the length of the line to the nearest centimeter? ________cm
HINT: Round to the nearest centimeter – no decimals.

49. Volume Volume – the amount of space occupied by an object
Solids or liquids

50. Volumes of Solids Regular Solid V = l · w · h Base unit is meter
Units will be cubed (cm3)
Irregular Solid
If an object is irregular shaped, the volume cannot be measured using a formula
Measure the volume by using a graduated cylinder or overflow can

51. Measuring Solid Volume
10 cm
9 cm
8 cm
We can measure the volume of regular object using the formula length x width x height.
_____ X _____ X _____ = _____
We can measure the volume of irregular object using water displacement.
Amount of H2O with object = ______ About of H2O without object = ______ Difference = Volume = ______

52. Liquid Volume Base unit is liter 1 mL = 1 cm3 Use a graduated cylinder
Read the measurement based on the bottom of the curve or meniscus
When using a real cylinder, make sure you are eye-level with the level of the water

53. Measuring Liquid Volume
What is the volume of water in each cylinder? A B C
Pay attention to the scales for each cylinder.

54. Measuring Matter (yes it does matter)
Mass – is a measurement of the quantity of matter in an object
Base unit is the gram (g)
Use a triple-beam balance to find the mass of various objects

55. _______ + ______ + _______ = ________ g
Measuring Mass
We will be using triple-beam balances to find the mass of various objects.
The objects are placed on the scale and then you move the weights on the beams until you get the lines on the right-side of the scale to match up.
Once you have balanced the scale, you add up the amounts on each beam to find the total mass.
What would be the mass of the object measured in the picture?
_______ + ______ + _______ = ________ g

56. Why use metric????
WHAT???

57. Temperature Use Celsius scale not Fahrenheit!
Formulas for converting between Celsius and Fahrenheit (we won’t be using these this year):
ºC = 5/9 (ºF – 32) or
ºF = (ºC x 9/5) + 32

58. Density
Density - Mass per unit volume of a substance

59. Which one is more dense? Demonstration: People in a square
How about this: Which square is more dense?

60. Formula for Density Density = Mass D = M Volume V
ALWAYS REMEMBER UNITS!

61. Density Units: Mass = grams Volume = ml or cm3 So units of density =
g/ml or g/cm3
Example:
What is the density of this metal?
Mass = 270 grams
Volume =100 cm3
Density = ?

62. Density Show your Work: 1. D = M V D = 270g 100 cm3 3. D = 2.7 g/cm3
Objects can be identified using their densities.
Check Density Chart
What was the metal?
Aluminum

63. Density Densities ________ than water (1) ______ Less Float in Water
More
Sink in Water

64. Liquid Layers
Check out this image. Which color layer has the highest density?
Which layer has the lowest density?
Imagine that the liquids have the following densities:
10g/cm3. 3g/cm3.
6g/cm3. 5g/cm3.
Which number would go with which layer?

65. Liquid Layers – Try with your neighbor
Which liquid has the highest density?
Which liquid has the lowest density?
Which liquid has the middle density?

66. Density What is the density of an object if you cut it in half?
Stays the same.
Example:
Density of water in a glass is 1.0 g/ml
Density of water in a swimming pool is
1.0 g/ml

67. Ex.If you are given an object in the shape of a cube, measuring 2 centimeters on one side, what is the volume of the cube? L x W x H = (2cm)(2cm)(2cm) = 8.o cm3 If the mass of the cube is 4 grams, what is the density of the cube? D = M V
Density = 4 grams
8cm3
D = 0.5 g/cm3

68. Will this cube float or sink in water? Why?
Float. Because it’s density (0.5 g/cm3) is less than the density of water(1.0 g/cm3).
Draw a picture of what the cube would look like floating in a beaker of water: Draw a line representing the water level in the beaker then draw the cube (floating, sinking, or in-between).
50 % out
50 % in

69. Density Drawings
Here are some other examples. Where does the cube belong?
0.4 g/cm3
0.2 g/cm3
80 % out
60 % out
20 % in
40 % in
0.7 g/cm3
0.9 g/cm3
10 % out
30 % out
70 % in
90 % in

70. Graphing in Science Line Graphs
Shows a relationship where the dependent variable changes due to a change in the independent variable
Dependent variable is measured on the y-axis.
Independent variable is measured on the x-axis
______________ depends on ______________

71. 7 Rules for Graphing Title
Identify the independent and dependent variables
Label x and y axes
Number x and y axes
Stretch your data more than ½ of the graph
Plot the data
Connect the dots with a straight line or smooth curve

72. Ex. As you train for a marathon, you compare your previous times
Ex. As you train for a marathon, you compare your previous times. In year one, you ran it in 5.2 hours; in year two, you ran it in 5 hours; in year three, in 4.8 h; in year four 4.3 h; and year five in 4 h. Graph the results of your marathon races.

73. Marathon Times over 5 Years
Time (Hours)
Marathon Races (Years)

74. Rainfall per Hour
Rainfall (mL)
Time (Hr)