1. Types of Neurons (Nerve Cells) http://www.faculty.washington.edu
Cells of the nervous system, called neurons, are specialized to carry electrochemical impulses called action potentials or nerve impulses.
The human brain alone has about 100 billion neurons.
Neurons vary in size and shape
The smallest have cell bodies only 4 microns wide,
The biggest have cell bodies 100 microns wide

2. How Neurons are similar to other cells:
Surrounded by a cell membrane.
Have a nucleus that contains genes.
Contain cytoplasm, mitochondria and other "organelles".
Carry out basic cellular processes like protein synthesis and energy production.

3. How Neurons Differ From Other Cells:
Neurons have specialized extensions called dendrites and axons.
Dendrites bring  information to the cell body and axons take information away from the cell body.
Neurons communicate with each other through an electrochemical process.
Neurons contain some specialized structures (for example, synapses) and  chemicals (for example, neurotransmitters).

4. Neurons are the oldest and longest cells in the body.
You have many of the same neurons for your whole life.

5. Structure of Neurons Structurally consist of 4 parts: Dendrites
Cell body (soma)
Axon
Axon terminal

6. Dendrites Project from soma
Pick up information from surrounding environment and transmit it (carry it) to soma.

7. Soma Contains the following organelles: Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum (SER and RER)
Golgi Apparatus
Microfilaments/Neurotubules
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm

8. Axons Extension of soma
Transmit impulses away from soma towards axon terminal

9. Axon Terminals
Receive impulse from axon and transmits it to surrounding neurons
Terminals are called

10. Differences Between Axons and Dentdrites
Take information away from the cell body
Smooth Surface
Generally only 1 axon per cell
No ribosomes
Can have myelin
Branch further from the cell body

11. Axons grow out of the cell body
There is a steady transport of cell components (e.g., vesicles, mitochondria) from the cell body along the entire length of the axon.
This flow is driven by specialized molecular motor proteins moving along the microtubules in the cytoplasm within the axon.
It may take 2 weeks or longer for material synthesized in the cell body to reach the axon terminals in your big toe.

12. Dendrites Bring information to the cell body
Rough Surface (dendritic spines)
Usually many dendrites per cell
Have ribosomes
No myelin insulation
Branch near the cell body

13. The Neuron

14. Classification of neurons by the function
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons

15. Sensory (afferent) neurons
Send information to the CNS
In skin, muscles, joints, and organs
Sensitive to pressure, temperature, and pain. 
In the nose and tongue
sensitive to the molecular shapes we perceive as tastes and smells. 
In the inner ear
sensitive to vibration
In the eyes
rods and cones of the retina are sensitive to light

16. Sensory Neurons

17. Motor or efferent neurons
Carries information from spinal cord
Stimulate muscle cells throughout the body

18. Interneurons
Provide connections between sensory and motor neurons, as well as between themselves. 
The neurons of the central nervous system, including the brain, are all interneurons.

19. Interneuron/Association Neuron
Interneurons: send information between sensory neurons and motor neurons. Most interneurons are located in the central nervous system.

20. Interneuron

22. Glial or Neuroglial Cells
Special types of connective tissue cells that help support and protect neurons.
Types of glial cells in CNS
Astroycytes : Form the blood-brain barrier
Oligodendrites: Form the myelin sheath around axons of the CNS. Help to hold nerve fibers together

23. Microglia: Phagocyte cells that migrate through the CNS removing foreign matter and degenerated brain tissue
Ependymal cells: Epithelial cells that line the brain and central canal of the spinal cord and form cerebrospinal fluid and aid in its circulation.

25. Types of glial cells in PNS
Schwann cells: Form myelin sheaths around peripheral axons and are composed of:
Myelin: A white fatty substance that insulates axons. Forms myelin sheath around some axons in the PNS
Nodes of Ranvier: Nonmyelinated gaps on axons that lie between adjacent Schwann cells.
Neurilemma: Outer membrane of a Schwann cell. Plays an important role in the regeneration of cut or injured axons.

26. Satellite cells
Support neurons in the PNS ganglia.

27. A fiber made up of many axons is called a nerve.
A clump of neuron cell bodies, is called a ganglion (plural: ganglia) or a nucleus (plural: nuclei). 
A fiber made up of many axons is called a nerve. 
In the brain and spinal cord
areas that are mostly axons are called white matter
Areas that include large number of cell bodies are called gray matter.