1. Cell Division
Chapter 10 Section 2

2. Bell Work
What do you think would happen if a cell were simply to split into two, without any advance preparation?
Would each daughter cell have everything it needed to survive?
No, because each cell only has one copy of its genetic information.
Every cell must copy its genetic information before cell division begins.

3. Mitosis and Cytokinesis
In most prokaryotes, cell division is a simple matter of separating the contents of the cell into two parts.
In eukaryotes, cell division is more complex and occurs in two main stages.
Mitosis : division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis : division of the cytoplasm

4. Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Many organisms, especially unicellular organisms, reproduce by means of mitosis and cytokinesis.
What type of reproduction would this be classified as?
Its classified as Asexual reproduction since the cells produced are genetically identical to the parent cell.
Mitosis is also the source of new cells when a multicellular organism grows and develops.

5. Chromosomes
In eukaryotic cells, the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next is carried by chromosomes.
Chromosomes are made up of DNA, which carries the cell’s coded genetic information- and proteins.

6. Chromosomes
The cells of every organism have a specific number of chromosomes.
The cells of fruit flies have 8 chromosomes.
Human cells have 46 chromosomes.
Carrot cells have 18 chromosomes.

7. Chromosomes
Chromosomes are not visible in most cells except during cell division.
This is because the DNA and protein molecules that make up the chromosomes are spread throughout the nucleus. At the beginning of cell division, the chromosomes condense into compact, visible structures that can be seen through a light microscope.

8. Chromosomes
Before cell division, each chromosome is replicated, or copied.
Each chromosome consists of two identical “sister” chromatids. Each pair of chromatids is attached at an area called the centromere.
When the cell divides, the “sister” chromatids separate from each other.

9. Identify the Parts of the Chromosome

10. The Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.
During the cell cycle, a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells, each of which then begins the cell cycle again.
What are the four phases of the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, and M

11. The Cell Cycle Mitosis and Cytokinesis take place during the M phase.
Chromosome replication takes place during the S phase.
In between the M and S phases, are the G1 phase and G2 phase. The G stands for Gap.
Intense growth and activity occur during the G phases.

12. Interphase Interphase is divided into three phases:
G1, S, and G2
The G1 phase: cells do most of their growing.
During this phase, cells increase in size & make new proteins and organelles.
The S phase: Chromosomes are replicated and DNA molecules are synthesized.
The G2 phase: many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced.

13. Mitosis Mitosis is divided into four phases:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
(Some say there is a fifth phase – prometaphase)

14. Mitosis -> Prophase
During Prophase
The chromosomes become visible.
The centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus.
The centrioles help to organize the spindle.
The chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers.
The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Prophase is the longest of the 4 mitosis phases

15. Prophase What is the function of the spindle?
The spindle helps separate the chromosomes.

16. Mitosis -> Metaphase
During metaphase, the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.
Microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the two poles of the spindle.

17. Mitosis -> Anaphase
During Anaphase
The centromeres that join the sister chromatids split, allowing the sister chromatids to separate and become individual chromosomes.
The chromosomes continue to move until they have separated into two groups near the poles of the spindle.

18. Anaphase
Anaphase ends when the chromosomes stop moving.

19. Mitosis -> Telophase
During Telophase
The chromosomes, which were distinct and condensed, begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material.
A nuclear envelope re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes.
The spindle begins to break apart and a nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter nucleus.

20. Telophase
Telophase is the final phase of Mitosis.

21. Cytokinesis
The process of cell division is not complete with Telophase.
As a result of mitosis, two nuclei are formed- each with a duplicate set of chromosomes.
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm surrounding the two nuclei.
Cytokinesis can appear to happen at the same time as Telophase.

22. Cytokinesis
In animal cells, the cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts. Each part contains its own nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles.
In plant cells, a structure known as the cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei. The cell plate gradually develops into a separating membrane and then the cell wall forms.

23. Cytokinesis

24. Mitosis Video

25. Exit Ticket – label the stages of The Cell Cycle