1. Who is this?
Why is he famous?
What was his biggest failure?
What happened to him as a result?

2. Who is this?
Why is he famous?
What was his biggest success?

3. Henry’s Great Matter
Henry is determined to get a divorce. The pope has repeatedly refused – even Wolsey couldn’t persuade him!
Cromwell is determined to help the King.
Between them, they achieve their aims, and as a result England breaks away from the Catholic Church.
How was this done?

4. What Henry needs to do
Make the divorce legal. He needs the POWER to grant himself a divorce.
Convince people that the marriage to Catherine was wrong and marriage to Anne is legitimate
Avoid angering Charles V.

5. Establishing the Royal Supremacy: How?
1532: Submission of the Clergy.
All clergy have to agree that Henry has the power to veto church law and choose bishops.
1533: Act in Restraint of Appeals.
Becomes illegal to appeal to the pope against decisions in English Church courts. Who is this aimed at?
Justifies this because H claims that he is an ‘emperor’ based on some quite dodgy history! (The Collectanea Satis Copiosa)
Useh/w 0 booklet with table from SHP and teacher fill in gaps using notes on next page

6. Establishing the Royal Supremacy: How?
1534 Act of Supremacy
Acknowledges Henry as ‘supreme head’ of the Church of England.
1534 Treason Act
Makes denying the royal supremacy a crime of treason.
Why do you think he introduced this?
Act of Succession:
Makes Mary illegitimate and confirms the children of Henry and Anne as heirs to the throne.
Useh/w 0 booklet with table from SHP and teacher fill in gaps using notes on next page
How far do these Acts constitute religious change?

7. What was the role of Parliament in establishing Royal Supremacy?
What do you know about the role of Parliament up until this point? What was is generally used for?
How are the various Acts used to establish the Royal Supremacy different from this?
Why do you think Henry made use of Parliament in this way?
Parliament generally used for taxation. Only called when monarch needed it. Also used for appeals from people. Statute law (Parliamentary law) did have a high status, but generally kings ruled by proclamation
Significant political and religious change -not just taxation. This Parliament sat for a long time (7 years) which gave MPs lots of experience.
These changes were so important that they needed the elevated status of statute law. Only Parliament can overturn laws made in Parliament, but royal proclamations can be overturned by royal proclamations. This meant his changes would be more lasting. Also, Henry needed the nobility, senior clergy, gentry and influential people (all represented in Parliament) in order to make sure that these changes were implemented in practice. Therefore he needed to a) get them onside and involve them in the decisions b) communicate what the changes were and c) gauge what resistance there might be by the reactions of people in Parliament.

8. What was the role of Parliament in establishing Royal Supremacy?
Cemented the new laws – only Parliament could overturn them
Communicated the new laws via MPs and the nobility
Essential tool to put pressure on clergy and Pope.
Systematically stripped away the power of the Pope and transferred these key powers to the king
Known as the Henrician Reformation.
It was a political reformation

9. Historical Debates
Henry was just trying to put pressure on the pope to agree to the divorce and only established the Royal Supremacy when the pope would not back down
Henry set out to set up the Church of England at the outset OR
Think about:
How long it took to establish the Royal Supremacy
The ways he pressured the pope financially, e.g. by withdrawing payments of taxation to the pope

10. Historical Debates
Did the extensive use of Parliament in establishing the Royal Supremacy mean that Parliament got more powerful?
Think about:
What Parliament was traditionally used for and what it was now being used for
How long the Reformation Parliament lasted ( ) and what the impact of this might be
How easy it would be to overturn this legislation
The fact that Parliament still only met when the monarch called them
The fact that the monarch could dismiss them at any time

11. Henry VIII and Government
How might the break with Rome have affected Henry’s government?
What new roles did government need to take on?

12. Be careful!
Parliament is NOT the same as government. Parliament is just a part of government.
The Privy Council (Royal Council) ran the country on a day-to-day basis.

13. Historical debate!
Geoffrey Elton, 1953 The Tudor Revolution in Government
Elton’s critics, e.g. Starkey

14. Key questions How far did the practice of government change?
How far did the power and use of Parliament change?
Did the power of the Crown increase?
How permanent were these changes?
How far did Henry exercise royal authority and what might affect this?

15. How far government changed (p88)
Key change and details
Elton
Critics of Elton
Your Judgement
Constitutional Revolution
Political Revolution
Bureaucratic Revolution

16. A Constitutional revolution?
Elton
Critics of Elton
Henry becomes head of Church and State (as opposed to just Head of State)
Henry’s royal authority extended into Wales and other semi- independent regions
1536 Act of Union with Wales reorganised govt in Wales
Act Against Liberties and Franchises restricts powers previously held by nobles in remote regions
Why do you think they did this?
In practice, Kings already had a lot of influence over Church appointments and church courts
Popes didn’t generally interfere in the running of the Church in individual countries
Why Act of Union and Liberties and Franchises: restrict power of magnates, especially at time of religious upheaval. Consistent application of the law.

17. A political revolution?
King and parliament becomes King-in-Parliament WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?????

18. King and Parliament King-in-Parliament
Government by King, but some functions carried out by Parliament.
King makes laws, through Parliament.
Statute law is most important
Separate institutions
Both powerful
King more important

19. A political revolution?
Elton
Critics of Elton
King and Parliament becomes King-in- Parliament
Importance of Parliament increases
More legislation
Legislating on a wider variety of issues
Procedures improved and established
After dissolution of the monasteries clergy no longer in majority in House of Lords
Makes Parliament more confident and important, which is one cause of the civil war in the next century (1642)
Parliament developed because the King needed its support.
Still only met when King called it.
Used much less under later Tudors

20. A bureaucratic revolution?
Elton
Critics
Smaller Privy Council
Contained more professional bureaucrats and lawyers (as opposed to nobility)
More professional
Specialised departments developed (e/g/ financial courts)
Principal Secretary most important (not Lord Chancellor)
King still in control, so government reflected the interests and personality of the monarch
Not all reforms survived in the long run
Some specialisation had taken place previously, but had been reversed during the Wars of the Roses
Change probably not planned – just a reaction to circumstances.
Financial courts: Finance had been controlled through Privy Chamber. Now also had specialists courts (though Privy Chamber still important)
- Court of Augmentations
Court of General Surveyors (initially dealt with some monastic land but merged with Court of Augmentations)
Court of First Fruits and Tenths – collected money previously sent to Rome
Court of Wards

21. Thinking questions
How far did the power of the crown increase during the reign of Henry VIII?
How far did government change during the reign of Henry VIII?
How far did the Parliament become more powerful during the reign of Henry VIII?
What evidence could you use to answer these questions? What is your judgement?

22. Factions at Court
The fall of Cromwell and problems in the Final Years of Henry VIII reign

23. Thomas Cromwell’s Fall (p105-106)
In 1537 things were going well for Cromwell, Henry had married Jane Seymour and a male heir (Edward) was born. Protestant reforms were progressing well.
Cromwell looked to set up a foreign protestant marriage for Henry when Jane died.
Cromwell arrange a marriage to Anne of Cleves (in Germany). This went terribly wrong as Cromwell and Henry appear to have been misled over her appearance. The marriage went through but didn’t last long and the relationship between Henry and Cromwell was damaged by this.

24. Enemies at Court Enemy Issue Detail Duke of Norfolk Catherine Howard
Protestant Reform

25. Cromwell the Man
Traditional view- cunning, scheming man with no morality. He used informants to spy on his enemies and get them executed.
Elton however sees him very differently: Explain Elton’s view
What are the interpretations of Cromwell in Sources B, C and D?
Which is the more convincing?

26. Continuing factions, 1540-47 (p108-110)
Conservative Faction
Reform Faction
Key men
Wives of Henry
Religious beliefs
Children of Henry

27. Position
What mistakes did the conservative Bishop Gardiner make?
Why is Sir Anthony Denny significant?
Why did the Conservative faction collapse?

28. Ministers (Wolsey and Cromwell)
Break with Rome
Parliament
Ministers (Wolsey and Cromwell)
Henry’s Royal Authority
His own personality
Factions
Regions (Wales, the North etc)