1. Republic of Turkey
Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs
Developing a Perspective for Management of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Water Resources
Esra Şıltu
Expert
DG Water Management/Department of Water Quality
XVI World Water Congress
May 31, 2017
Cancun/Mexico

2. Outline Aim of the study Endocrine disruptors
Rationale for controlling in water resources
Methodology
Identification of relevant EDCs
Initial list of EDCs
Sectoral inventory of EDCs
Monitoring EDCs
Developing water quality standards for EDCs
Future plans
Conclusions

3. Aim of the study
Developing a management perspective for endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in surface waters of Turkey
Identification of endocrine disruptors occurring in surface waters
Specifying the sources of endocrine disruptors
Revealing the levels of these chemicals in surface waters and wastewaters
Investigating the fate in the aquatic environment and wastewater treatment technologies
Deriving water quality standards

4. Endocrine disruptors UN definition:
An endocrine disruptor is an exogenous substance or mixture that alters function(s) of the endocrine system and consequently causes adverse health effects in an intact organism, or its progeny, or (sub)populations

5. Endocrine disruptors Mechanisms of disruption:
They may mimic the biological activity of a hormone.
They may prevent the activity of the natural hormone.
They may alter the amounts of natural hormones in body.
They may interfere with the metabolic processes in the body, affecting the synthesis or breakdown rates of the natural hormones.

6. Endocrine disruptors Effects of endocrine disruptors:
Developmental malformations
Interference with reproduction
Increased cancer risk
Disturbances in the immune and nervous system function
Lose of biodiversity due to similar adverse effects on wildlife

7. Endocrine disruptors Examples of endocrine disruptors:
Natural hormones released to the environment from any animal
Natural chemicals like phytoestrogens
Synthetically produced pharmaceuticals
Man-made chemicals like industrial solvents or lubricants and their byproducts, plastics and plasticizers, pesticides, antibacterials

8. Rationale of controlling in water resources
EDCs entering water resources via:
Urban and industrial wastewaters
Atmospheric deposition
Agricultural and land use activities
Other anthropogenic activities
Water resources:
Home for many species
Vital sources for all organisms
Drinking and bathing water

9. Bridging science and policy!
Methodology
Identify the relevant EDCs
Identify the sources of EDCs/ sectoral inventory
Detect the levels of pollution in water resources via monitoring
Deriving ambient water quality standards
Taking regulatory action
Bridging science and policy!

10. Identification of relevant EDCs
International studies
WHO and UNEP EDC lists: EDCs Reports 2002 & 2012
NGOs EDC lists: TEDx list, EWG’s dirty dozen
Studies of EU &USA
Previous studies conducted in Turkey regarding hazardous chemicals in surface waters
List of pharmaceuticals licensed in Turkey
List of chemicals produced or imported more than 1 tone annually in Turkey
Capacity reports of industrial facilities

11. Initial list of EDCs

12. Initial list of EDCs List 1: PBDEs (12)
PCDD/Fs & dioxin-like PCBs (29)
PCBs (6)
HBCDDs (5)
Nonylphenols (3)
Octylphenols (2)
PAHs (16)

13. Initial list of EDCs List 1: DDT isomers and metabolites (4)
Butyl tin compounds (3)
PFOS & PFOA (2)
HCH mixtures and isomers (4)
Cyclodien pesticides (4)
Other pesticides and industrial chemicals (31)

14. Initial list of EDCs List 2: Prioritisation 7 6 5 4 3 0-2 1 UNEP list
EU list
US EPA list 4
Manufactured/imported more than 1 ton annually in Turkey
Licensed pesticide in Turkey 3
Specific pollutants list
Drinking water standards exist
0-2
Bioaccumulation
log BCF : 0 (<3.3), 1 ( ), 2 (> 3.7)
log BCF not available
log KOW : 0 (<3.5), 1 ( ), 2 (> 4.5 )
Persistency
Saline water : 0 (< 60), 1 ( (60-195), 2 (> 195)
Fresh water : 0 (< 40), 1 ( (40-195), 2 (> 195) 1
Androgen receptor (AR)
Estrogen receptor (ER)
Thyroid receptor
Stockholm Cınvention POPs list
WHO list
US EPA priority pollutants list

15. Initial list of EDCs List 3: Pharmaceuticals
38 human pharmaceutical active ingredients
13 veterinary pharmaceutical active ingredients

16. Sectoral inventory of EDCs
Literature review for identifying the sources of EDCs in “Draft Lists”
Capacity reports of more than 10,000 industrial facilities in Turkey
Sectoral inventory constructed for specific pollutants
Results of wastewater analysis

17. Sectoral inventory of EDCs
Most potent sources of EDCs based on NACE classification:
37.00-Sewerage
20.20-Manufacture of pesticides and other agrochemical products
21.20-Manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations 
20.30-Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics
20.42-Manufacture of perfumes and toilet preparations

18. Sectoral inventory of EDCs
Most potent sources of EDCs based on NACE classification:
20.15-Manufacture of fertilisers and nitrogen compounds 
20.16-Manufacture of plastics in primary forms
38.21-Treatment and disposal of non-hazardous waste 
38.32-Recovery of sorted materials 
20.14-Manufacture of other organic basic chemicals

19. Monitoring EDCs Detecting the levels of pollution in water resources
Identifying the sources and extent of EDC emissions
Pilot study:
1-year long monitoring studies
Frequency: seasonal (4 times in a year)
Marmara Basin (industry intense area)
Batı Akdeniz Basin (agriculture and tourism intense area)

20. Developing water quality standards for EDCs
Toxicity based standards
Acute and chronic toxicity endpoints (EC50, LC50, NOEC etc.)
Methodology defined in EU WFD Guidance Document No: 27
Environmental quality standards
(EQS)

21. Developing water quality standards for EDCs
For the control of acute effects: Maximum allowable standards (MAC-EQS)
For the control of chronic effects: Annual average standards (AA-EQS)
Sediment EQS
Biota EQS

22. Future plans Analyzing the fate of EDCs in water resources
Conducting pressure-impact analysis for EDCs
Investigating the wastewater treatment technologies for removal of EDCs
Deriving wastewater discharge standards for EDCs
Controlling the sources of EDCs by regulatory instruments

23. Conclusions
Control of EDCs in water resources all around the world is of significant importance
Urgent regulatory action is needed!
Scientific studies are integrated to policy making process in Turkey to develop a management perspective for EDCs
Approach of deriving water quality standards is of question: toxicity based standards or a novel approach is needed?
Regulatory action: ban or define set standards?

24. TR Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs
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suyonetimi.ormansu.gov.tr
TR Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs
DG Water Management