1. Western Europe:
The Middle Ages
600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.

2. Europe c. 200 CE

3. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: – 1250
Late Middle Ages:
[Renaissance Dates: ]

4. Europe in the 6c

5. The Medieval Catholic Church (West)
Filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.
Monasticism:
St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
Provided schools for the children of the upper class.
Inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
Libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.
Monks  missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

6. The Power of the Medieval Church
Bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system.
The church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.
Tried to curb feudal warfare  only days a year for combat.
Curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition
Tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.
Peter’s Pence  1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

7. A Medieval Monk’s Day

8. A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

9. Illuminated Manuscripts
St. John’s
University?

10. Printed Psaltar
Gregorian Chant

11. Medieval Embroidery
The Bayeux Tapestry, 11c

12. Illuminated Manuscripts

13. Charlemagne: 742 to 814

14. Charlemagne’s Empire

15. Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

16. Odo of Metz. Interior of the Palatine (Palace)Chapel of Charlemagne (Aachen, Germany), voussoirs modeled after San Vitale/ Octogon/columns/ clear structural/divisions

18. The Carolingian Renaissance

19. Carolingian Miniscule

20. Carolingian Empire/Equestrian portrait of Charlemagne (Metz, Germany), early ninth century

21. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses: Treaty of Verdun, 843

22. Main Parts of a Medieval Castle---Why?

23. Chauvigny Castle, France, 11c

24. Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

25. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle
Fortified
Cities

26. The Rise of European Monarchies: England

27. Parts of a Medieval Castle

28. The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE

29. Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

30. The Medieval Manor

31. Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work

32. Romanesque Cathedral Architectural Style
Rounded Arches.
Barrel vaults.
Thick walls.
Darker, simplistic interiors.
Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

33. Romanesque Floor Plans

34. St. Filibert, France, 10c

35. Interior of a Romanesque Cathedral

36. Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

37. Setting Out on Crusade

38. Christian Crusades: East and West

39. Crusades Impact Recapture “Lost” Knowledge Books, “Aristotle”
Mathematics –”Arabic Numerals”
Medical and Surgical Procedures
Goods, Trade and Roads Rebuilt
Architectural Ideas and Concepts
“Tourism”

40. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: – 1250
Late Middle Ages:
[Renaissance Dates: ]

41. Vikings, Magyars, Mongols…
Many of the Nations or “Ethnicities” were formed during the Middle Ages
Germanic Tribes merged with Norsemen, Celts, etc.
Northern Slavs- Modern-day Poles, Czechs, Russians, etc.
Pagans to Roman Catholics or Eastern Orthodox

42. Viking Age
Explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided, traded, explored and settled in wide areas of Europe, Asia and the North Atlantic from the late 8th to the mid-11th century.
These Norsemen (Northmen) used their famed longships to travel as far east as Constantinople and the Volga River in what would become Russia, and as far west as Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland (Minnesota’s Kensington Runestone c.1364?)
As far south as Al-Andalus Spain
Medieval history of Scandinavia, Great Britain, Ireland and the rest of Europe in general.
Norsemen-Normans, Russians- Novgorod and Kiev, Anglo-Saxons, Jutes, Danes, Swedes, etc.

43. Animal head post, from the Oseberg ship burial (Norway), c
Animal head post, from the Oseberg ship burial (Norway), c. 825, wood “gripping beasts” Vikings/ fusion of interlaced pattern and the animal form/ gruesome rituals of human sacrifice/Odin, Thor, and Freya/ Valhalla/ Valkyries/

44. Two views of the Oseberg ship (Oslo)

45. Left: Wood carved portal of the stave church at Urnes, Norway, c
Left: Wood carved portal of the stave church at Urnes, Norway, c Below: drawing of a stave church

46. English Monarchies House of Normandy - 1066-1154
House of Plantagenet
Richard the Lionheart
(r )-Crusades-Saladin
James I
(r )-Magna Carta
House of Lancaster –

47. William I (r. 1066-1087) Change of rulers creation of feudal state
Programs of building and fortification
Changes to the English language
Shift in the upper levels of society and the church
Adoption of some aspects of continental church reform
Modern Monarchy of England begins

48. William the Conqueror-Norman: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)

49. William the Conqueror
To press his claim to the English crown, William invaded England in 1066, leading an army of Normans, Bretons, Flemings, and Frenchmen
Victory over the English forces of King Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings
Suppressed subsequent English revolts in what has become known as the Norman Conquest

50. Text: Here King Harold was slain, and the English fled.

51. William the Conqueror/ King Harold of England

52. Battle of Hastings in 1066

54. Magna Carta, 1215 “Great Charter” Monarchs were not above the law.
King John I
“Great Charter”
Monarchs were not above the law.
Kings had to consult a council of advisors.
Kings could not tax arbitrarily.*

55. The Beginnings of the British Parliament
Great Council:
middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.
Eventually called Parliament.
By 1400, two chambers evolved:
House of Lords  nobles & clergy.
House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

56. The Rise of European Monarchies: France
All throughout Europe
Kingdoms move toward
Unification of peoples of
The Realm
Recreation of the
Roman Empire?
Reconquesta

57. France in the Middle Ages
From the death of Louis the Pious in 840 to the middle of the 15th century. The Middle Ages in France
West Francia (843–987) and the Viking invasions and the piecemeal dismantling of the Carolingian Empire by local powers,
the elaboration of the seigneurial economic system and the feudal system of rights and obligations between lords and vassals,
the growth of the region controlled by the House of Capet (987–1328) and their struggles with the expanding Norman and Angevin regions,
a period of artistic and literary outpouring from the 12th to the early 14th centuries,
the rise of the House of Valois (1328–1589), the protracted dynastic crisis of the Hundred Years' War with the Kingdom of England (1337–1453) and the catastrophic Black Death epidemic (1348), and
the expansion of the French nation in the 15th century and the creation of a sense of French identity

58. “Germans”
The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages.
Holy roman Empire
Later Kingdom of Germany and the Holy roman empire of the Germanic Nation

59. Holy Roman Empire c. 1000

60. Holy Roman Empire c
Otto I was crowned King of Germany in 962, but he is nevertheless considered by some to have been the first Holy Roman Emperor
although the Roman imperial title was first restored to Charlemagne, Otto was the first emperor of the realm who was not a member of the earlier Carolingian dynasty.

61. Otto I
While Charlemagne had been crowned Emperor in 800, his empire had been divided amongst his grandsons
the Imperial title had lain vacant for nearly forty years. On 2 February 962, Otto was crowned Emperor of what later became the Holy Roman Empire

62. Otto III r
Otto III (980 – 23 January 1002), a King of Germany, was the fourth ruler of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire.
He was elected King in 983 on the death of his father Otto II and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 996.
King of Germany and King of Italy
Aachen and St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome
Enlightened ruler?
Byzantine Empire issues?

63. Magyar Migrations

64. Stephen I of Hungary
first King of Hungary (r. 1000–1038).
He greatly expanded Hungarian control over the Carpathian Basin during his lifetime
Broadly established Christianity (Roman Catholicism) in the region
Considered to be the founder of the Kingdom of Hungary.

65. Roman Catholic and now the Orthodox Faith
Hungarian campaigns in the 10th century. Most European nations were praying for mercy: "Sagittis hungarorum libera nos Domine" - "Lord save us from the arrows of Hungarians"
Magyars
Stephen I
Saint in both
Roman Catholic and now the Orthodox Faith

66. The Mongols Invade Russia

67. Mongols, Tartars, Turks
Migrations end in conquest even though for some short-lived
In time, many assimilate into the peoples of Europe
Each ethnic group (nation) creates fortifications to defend themselves from the “Barbarian Hordes”

68. Medieval Universities

69. Oxford University

70. Late Medieval Town Dwellings

71. Medieval Trade

72. Medieval Guilds Guild Hall
Commercial Monopoly:
Controlled membership apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices

73. Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop

74. Crest of a Cooper’s Guild

75. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: – 1250
Late Middle Ages:
[Renaissance Dates: ]

76. Eurasia Timeline
Modern Age?
“Dark Ages”

77. Late Middle Ages
the 14th century was a time of great progress within the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began.
The absorption of Latin texts had started before the 12th Century Renaissance through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks (1453), when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy
The changes brought about by these developments have caused many scholars to see it as leading to the end of the Middle Ages, and the beginning of modern history and early modern Europe.
Some historians, particularly in Italy, prefer not to speak of the late Middle Ages at all, but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era.

78. Hanseatic League (c. 13th -17th c)
an economic alliance of trading cities and their merchant guilds that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe.
Stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period.
The League was created to protect commercial interests and privileges granted by foreign rulers in cities and countries the merchants visited.
The Hanseatic cities had their own legal system and furnished their own protection and mutual aid. Despite this, the organization was not a city-state, nor can it be called a confederation of city-states

79. Hanseatic League

80. Gothic Art Gothic period emerges from France. A.k.a. modern art
12th to 14th c. and beyond
Elegant, ornate style- Christian and secular styles
Guilds and artistic patronage
Black Death
The pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress

81. The Gothic Cathedral

82. Gothic Floor Plans

83. Canterbury Cathedral, England

84. Gothic Cathedral Architectural Style
Began in France in the 12c.
Pointed arches.
Flying buttresses.
Stained glass windows.
Elaborate, ornate interior.
Taller, more airy à lots of light.
Lavish sculpture à larger-than-life.

85. Interior of a Gothic Cathedral

86. Interior of a Gothic Cathedral

87. St. Etienne, Bourges, late 12c
“Flying” Buttresses

88. Flying Buttress

89. Gothic “Filigree” Closeups

90. Chartres Cathedral, Paris
Jamb Figures
Royal Portal
The “Pillar People”

91. Cathedral Gargoyles

92. Stained Glass Windows For the glory of God.
For religious instructions.

93. Notre Dame Cathedral

94. Rose Window Chartres Cathedral, Paris
Sacred Geometry
The good, of course, is always beautiful, and the beautiful never lacks proportion Plato

95. “Rose” Windows of Various Kinds
Original Design
Labyrinth, 1200
Buddhist Mandala

96. Chartres Cathedral Plan for all Rose Windows

97. Which Interior Is Which?

98. Which Vault Is Which?

99. Which Cathedral Style Is Which?

100. Cathedral of Mont-Saint Michel: A Fortress & A Church

101. Spanish Castle, 14c

102. Late Medieval Church Art
Chalice, paten, and straw, mid-13c
Relinquary, late 12c

103. Late Medieval Art St. Francis’ Rule Approved Giotto 1288-92?
Tempera on wood and ground gold.

104. Medieval Religious Themes
The Epiphany
Giotto
1320
Tempera on wood and ground gold.

105. The Crucifixion
Giotto
1305
Tempera on wood and ground gold.

106. The Black Death
The Plague

107. The Culprits

108. The Famine of
By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all the land they could cultivate.
A population crisis developed.
Climate changes in Europe produced three years of crop failures between because of excessive rain.
As many as 15% of the peasants in some English villages died.
One consequence of starvation & poverty was susceptibility to disease.

109. 1347: Plague Reaches Constantinople

110. From the Toggenburg Bible, 1411

111. Lancing a Buboe

112. The Disease Cycle Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria.
multiply in
flea’s gut.
Human is infected!
Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.
Flea’s gut clogged with bacteria.

113. Medieval Art & the Plague

114. Medieval Art & the Plague
Bring out your dead!

115. Medieval Art & the Plague
An obsession with death.

117. Attempts to Stop the Plague
“Leeching”
A Doctor’s Robe

118. Flagellanti: Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins!
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Flagellanti: Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins!

119. Scapegoats Pograms against the Jews “Golden Circle” obligatory badge
“Jew” hat

120. Death Triumphant

121. The Mortality Rate
35% - 70%
25,000,000 dead !!!

122. What were the political, economic, and social effects of the Black Death??

123. Catholic Church Splits
Western Schism or Papal Schism was a split within the Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417.
Two men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414–1418).
The simultaneous claims to the papal chair of two different men hurt the reputation of the office. The Western Schism is occasionally called the Great Schism, though this term is more often applied to the East–West Schism of 1054

124. Western Schism ( )

125. The
Hundred
Years' War
( )
Themes of Conflict

126. Causes
of the
100 Years' War

127. Controversy Over Succession
The French nobility selected Philip of Valois, a cousin of the last king through the male line.
He founded a new French dynasty that ruled through the 16c.
He was chosen in preference to King Edward III of England, whose mother was the daughter of the late king, Philip IV.
In 1340, Edward claimed the title “King of France.”

128. Land Belonging to British Kings
A longer standing issue was the status of lands within France that belonged to English kings.
Edward was actually a vassal of Philip’s, holding sizable French territories as fiefs from the king of France [it went back to the Norman conquest ].

129. Conflict Over Flanders
The ‘dagger’ pointing at the ‘heart’ of England!
Wool industry.
Flanders wants its independence from French control.
Asks England for help.

130. A Struggle for National Identity
France was NOT a united country before the war began.
The French king only controlled about half of the country.

131. Europe
c. 1430

132. The
War
Itself

133. The Longbow as a Weapon
The use of the English defensive position was the use of the longbow.
Its arrows had more penetrating power than a bolt from a crossbow.
Could pierce an inch of wood or the armor of a knight at 200 yards
A longbow could be fired more rapidly.
6 arrows per minute.

134. Early English Victories

135. The Effective Use of the Cannon at Poitiers, 1356

136. Troubles
Peasant Revolt in 1381 was put down by King Richard II [r ].
After charges of tyranny, Richard II was forced to abdicate in 1300.
Parliament elected Henry IV [r ], the first ruler from the House of Lancaster.
Henry avoided war taxes.
He was careful not to alienate the nobility.
Therefore, a truce was signed ending French and British hostilities [for the time being, at least].

137. A Burgundian Presence

138. Treaty of Troyes (1420)
Charles VI’s son [the future Charles VII], was declared illegitimate and disinherited.
Henry V married Catherine, the daughter of Charles VI.
Henry was declared the legitimate heir to the French throne!
A final English victory seemed assured, but both Charles VI and Henry V died in 1422.
This left Henry’s infant son, Henry VI [r ], to inherit BOTH thrones.

139. Height of English Dominance

140. The French “Reconquest”
The two kings’ deaths ushered in the final stage of the 100 Years’ War [ ].
Even though in 1428 the military and political power seemed firmly in British hands, the French reversed the situation.
In 1429, with the aid of the mysterious Joan of Arc, the French king, Charles VII, was able to raise the English siege of Orleans.
This began the reconquest of the north of France.

141. Joan of Arc ( )
The daughter of prosperous peasants from an area of Burgundy that had suffered under the English.
Like many medieval mystics, she reported regular visions of divine revelation.
Her “voices” told her to go to the king and assist him in driving out the English.
She dressed like a man and was Charles’ most charismatic and feared military leader

142. The End of the War
Despite Joan’s capture, the French advance continued.
By 1450 the English had lost all their major centers except Calais.
In 1453 the French armies captured an English-held fortress.
This was the last battle of the war.
There was not a treaty, only a cessation of hostilities.
Here comes the next phase…

143. France Becomes Unified
France in 1453
France in 1337

144. Western Europe:
The Middle Ages
600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.