1. Chapter 21 Address Mapping
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2. Objective Address Mapping ONLY
Logical Address to Physical/Local Address – e.ge, IP to MAC address (ARP)
Local Address to Logical Address – MAC to IP address (RARP)

3. Protocols Used for Mapping
ADDRESS MAPPING
The delivery of a packet to a host or a router requires two levels of addressing: logical and physical. We need to be able to map a logical address to its corresponding physical address and vice versa. This can be done by using either static or dynamic mapping.
Protocols Used for Mapping
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

4. Address Resolution Protocol
Internet is made of a combination of physical networks connected by internetworking devices such as routers
Hosts and routers are recognized at the network level by their logical IP addresses
Packets pass through physical networks to reach these hosts and routers
At the physical level, the hosts and routers are recognized by their physical addresses
ARP is the protocol used to map IP address to MAC address.
View ARP cache (Command prompt): arp –a, arp /?

5. ARP operation

6. Performance: Cache Memory
Using ARP is inefficient if system A needs to broadcast an ARP request for each IP packet it needs to send to system B
ARP can be useful if the ARP reply is cached (kept in cache memory)
A system that receives ARP reply stores the mapping in cache memory and keep it for 20 to 30 minutes unless there is no space in the cache.

7. ARP PACKET FORMAT

8. ARP Packet
Hardware type: define the type of the network on which ARP is running. Ethernet is given type 1.
Protocol Type: define the protocol for IPv4
Hardware length: define the length of the physical address in bytes. Ethernet the value is 6.
Protocol Length: define the length of the logical address in bytes. For IPv4 protocol the value is 4.
Operation: define the type of packets. ARP request (1) or ARP reply (2).
Sender hardware address: the physical address of the sender.
Sender protocol address: the IP address of the sender
Target hardware address: the physical address of the receiver.
Target protocol address: the IP address of the receiver.

9. Encapsulation
Data is encapsulated with protocol information at each layer when it is transmitted across a network. As data moves through the layers, communication occurs within the peer layer before moving to the next layer.
One important piece of information to keep in mind is that data flows two ways in the OSI model, DOWN (data encapsulation) and UP (data decapsulation).
An ARP packet is encapsulated directly into a data link frame.
Next slide shows you an ARP packet is encapsulated in an Ethernet frame.

10. Encapsulation of ARP Packet
The type field indicates that the data carried by the frame is an ARP Packet

11. Encapsulation
A packet at level 7 is encapsulated in the packet at level 6. The whole packet at level 6 is encapsulated in a packet at level 5, and so on.
The data part of a packet at level N is carrying the whole packet (data and overhead) from level N – 1.
The concept is called encapsulation because level N is not aware what part of the encapsulated packet is data and what part is the header or trailer.

12. Encapsulation

13. ARP FOUR CASES

14. ARP FOUR CASES
be delivered to the appropriate router.

15. An ARP request is broadcast; an ARP reply is unicast.
Note
An ARP request is broadcast; an ARP reply is unicast.

16. Example 21.1
A host with IP address and physical address B2:34:55:10:22:10 has a packet to send to another host with IP address and physical address A4:6E:F4:59:83:AB. The two hosts are on the same Ethernet network. Show the ARP request and reply packets encapsulated in Ethernet frames.
Solution
Figure 21.5 shows the ARP request and reply packets.

17. Figure 21.5 Example 21.1, an ARP request and reply

18. Figure Proxy ARP
A proxy ARP is an ARP that acts on behalf of a set of hosts.

19. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
Finds the logical address for a machine that knows only its physical address.
To create an IP datagram, a host or a router needs to know its own IP address or addresses.
A RARP request is created and broadcast on the local network.
The requesting machine must be running a RARP client program; the responding machine must be running a RARP server program.
There is a serious problem with RARP: Broadcasting is done at the data link layer.
This means that if an administrator has several networks or several subnets, it needs to assign a RARP server for each network or subnet.

20. BOOTSTRAP PROTOCOL - BOOTP
It is a client/server protocol
Designed to provide physical address to logical address mapping
Can be kept on same network or on different networks
It is an application layer protocol
BOOTP messages are encapsulated in a UDP packet and UDP packet is encapsulated in IP packet
One of the advantages of BOOTP over RARP is that the client and server are application-layer processes

21. BOOTSTRAP PROTOCOL - BOOTP

22. BOOTP
The BOOTP request is broadcast because the client does not know the IP address of the server.
A broadcast IP datagram cannot pass through any router. To solve the problem, there is a need for an intermediary. One of the hosts can be used as a relay. The host in this case is called a relay agent.
The relay agent knows the unicast address of a BOOTP server.
When it receives this type of packet, it encapsulates the message in a unicast datagram and sends the request to the BOOTP server.

23. RELAY AGENT

24. Note
DHCP provides static and dynamic address allocation that can be manual or automatic.

25. DHCP
Static Address Allocation: In this capacity DHCP acts as BOOTP does. So, A host running the BOOTP client can request a static address from a DHCP server. A DHCP server has a database that statically binds physical addresses to IP addresses.
Dynamic Address Allocation: DHCP has a second database with a pool of available IP addresses. When a DHCP client requests a temporary IP address, the DHCP server goes to the pool of available (unused) IP address and assigns an IP address for a negotiable period of time.
Command prompt: ipconfig/all, ipconfig/release, ipcnfig/renew.