1. “FRCC RESTORATION PLAN (BLACKOUT & BLACK START)” - TRAINING -
FRCC SYSTEM OPERATOR SEMINAR
Spring 2006

2. Introduction / Purpose Definitions Roles and Responsibilities
OBJECTIVES:
Review the elements of the “FRCC Restoration Plan” Document
Introduction / Purpose
Definitions
Roles and Responsibilities
Blackout Restoration
Priorities and General Procedures
Black Start Restoration
General Restoration Principles
(Appendices)

3. INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE
Plan is a Handbook Document
Restoration Plan includes General Guidelines and Recommendations
Impossible to predict all possible emergency scenarios and prescribe restoration actions.
Intended to Coordinate with Individual Detailed BA / TOP / RC Restoration Plans
NOT Intended to Replace Operator Judgment

4. INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE (cont)
All restoration activities will be supervised by the FRCC Reliability Coordinator (RC)
BAs and TOPs to coordinate all actions through RC including restoration of customer load
Organized and Coordinated effort using sound restoration practices.
Ensure the Fastest possible Restoration of Peninsular Florida

5. DEFINITIONS
Blackout – A condition where a major portion, perhaps all, of the electrical utility system is de-energized with much of the system tied together through closed breakers.
Black Start – Energizing portions of a blacked out region utilizing resources independent of an energized Interconnection.

6. DEFINITIONS
Island – An isolated power system including generation and load, with no synchronized ties to the Interconnection.

7. Restoration Plan for off-site power to generating plants
DEFINITIONS
Restoration Plan for off-site power to generating plants
Definition of an electrical path from a source in the energized system (or from a GT site in case of Blackstart) to the plant. This path should be cleared first and then energized to restore the off-site power. If possible, restore the de-energized system from the interconnected (energized) system since, in general, this can provide faster restoration than Blackstart.

8. DEFINITIONS
Surge Impedance Loading – The Surge Impedance Loading is the MW loading required to cancel the capacitance effect on the line. (VARS IN = VARS OUT).
Step-by-step ladder sequence – A controlled sectionalizing of the transmission grid and a sequential re-energization of the bulk stations starting from the energized system and moving through the blacked out area.

9. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES (cont)
FRCC Reliability Coordinator
Establish and maintain communications with FRCC BAs and TOPs
Use of FRCC Hotline and/or Conference calls
Use of FTMS Messaging system
Establish communications with NERC and other Reliability Coordinators to facilitate restoration
Use of RCIS and/or NERC Hotline and conference calls
Coordinator on FLA/Southern Interface impacts.

10. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES (cont)
FRCC Reliability Coordinator (cont)
Determine the extent of the affected area and coordinate with affected BAs and TOPs to begin restoration
Monitor restoration progress and coordinate any needed assistance
Coordinate establishment of ties between entities
Communicate with FRCC office for NERC / FERC / DOE reports.

11. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES (cont)
BA / TOP - System Operators
Establish and maintain communications with other BAs and TOPs
Implement Individual BA / TOP Restoration Plan
Guide restoration of critical communications and computer links (ICCP links to other utilities)

12. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES (cont)
BA / TOP - Generation and Interchange
Manage remaining resources to balance load and generation
Coordinate with System Operator in restoration effort
** Assess Black Start Capabilities **

13. BLACKOUT RESTORATION (assumptions)
One or more entity(s) of the FRCC has experienced a blackout or island condition
Assume restoration from Interconnection
BAs and TOPs will implement Individual Restoration Plans and coordinate with FRCC RC
All generators, transmission elements, SCADA and communications are assumed available in restoration plan
Cause of blackout not initially known - still out there

14. BLACKOUT RESTORATION - Priorities -
Maintain or restore off-site power to Nukes
Restore startup power to all available plants
Units may have “caught auxiliaries” and can be re-synchronized to the grid.
Must notify plant operators once start-up power is available to the plant - plant will determine when it is safe and ready to accept start-up power

15. BLACKOUT RESTORATION - Priorities (cont) -
Restore from the Interconnection when possible
In island condition, resynchronize to the Interconnections as soon as possible
Energize major transmission circuits in an orderly step-by-step ladder sequence
** Build the transmission system first **
Monitor effects of every action on the system

16. BLACKOUT RESTORATION - Priorities (cont) -
Monitor voltages at all busses to prevent over voltage conditions
Monitor real and reactive power flows
Monitor frequency and coordinate load pick-up
Restore service to all customers

17. BLACKOUT RESTORATION - General Guidelines -
Determine boundaries of the affected area and communicate to the FRCC RC.
Whenever possible restore the de-energized system from the Interconnected system
Energize system in a step-by-step ladder sequence

18. BLACKOUT RESTORATION - General Guidelines (cont) -
Restoring startup power to generating units
Can bypass bulk stations to speed up restoration except where required to control voltage or provide relay protection.

19. BLACKOUT RESTORATION - General Guidelines (cont) -
** Until station service is restored to a station, breakers can only be operated a few times before they lose their stored energy **
Use shunt-reactors to control voltage
Open breakers on Capacitor banks during initial re-energization process.
Avoid energizing high voltage cables on lightly loaded system - capacitive effect

20. BLACKOUT RESTORATION - General Procedure -
PROCESS TO ENERGIZE EQUIPMENT
Step 1: Decide on a portion of the system to energize
Step 2: Isolate this portion of the system to energize
Step 3: Verify all switching has been completed
Step 4: Energize the specified portion of the system

21. BLACKOUT RESTORATION - General Procedure (cont) -
PROCESS TO ENERGIZE EQUIPMENT (cont’d)
Step 5: Monitor existing / newly energized system for out of limit voltage and loading conditions
Step 6: If necessary, take corrective action to eliminate out of limit conditions

22. BLACK START (Assumptions)
One or more BA(s) of the FRCC has experienced a blackout or island condition
Assume CANNOT Restore from Interconnection or timing unknown
Individual BA will implement its Restoration Plan using its available black start capability and coordinate with the FRCC RC
All system elements again assumed available
Cause of blackout still not known - still out there

23. BLACKSTART - Priorities -
Start an island as close as possible to a Nuke
Restore off-site power to Nukes
Restore startup power to all available plants
Synchronize to the interconnection as soon as possible
Energize major transmission circuits
CAUTION: The dispatcher must carefully watch generators and lines to avoid system separation or high/low voltage runaway during restoration.
Restore service to all customers

24. BLACK START RESTORATION - General Guidelines -
General BLACKOUT RESTORATION guidelines still apply in black start
In black start island frequency should be maintained between 59.7 Hz to 60.5 Hz ( why ?)
In re-energizing system limit frequency drop to 0.2 Hz on each load pick up step (approx. 5% of on line generation capacity)
Tie generation areas together whenever possible. Increases load pick up ability.
Consider cold load pick up takes 30 minutes to levelize
Observe guidelines on voltage parameters

25. BLACK START RESTORATION - General Guidelines (cont) -
Switch lines necessary to provide synchronization at a plant location to the interconnection or another island.
Adjust frequency and voltage to allow synchronization of the island to the interconnection.
Review and plan on synchronizing systems at FRCC autosynch locations.

26. BLACK START RESTORATION - General Procedure -
In total blackout, affected utility may open all de-energized tie lines
Start black start capable generation
Energize transmission circuits with few substations to minimize load pick up
Energize radial loads while maintaining ability to synchronize island to interconnection

27. GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES FRCC Restoration Plan Appendices
App A – Voltage Parameters
App B – Surge Impedance Loading
App C – Restoration Events and Tips
App D – Black Start Units
App E – Auto Synchronization Locations

28. GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES (cont) App. A – Voltage Parameters
Emergency Voltage Limits are +/- 10%

29. GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES (cont) App. B – Surge Impedance Loading
As a guide to loading the system consider Surge Impedance Loading in order to control voltage.

30. GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES (cont)
App. C –

31. GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES (cont)
App. D – Black Start Units –
Please see:
FRCC Restoration Procedures Appendices D & E tab
on FRCC ROG site for complete details….

32. GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES (cont) App
GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES (cont) App. E – Auto Synchronization Locations –
Please see:
FRCC Restoration Procedures Appendices D & E tab
on FRCC ROG site for complete details….

33. The “Big Picture” Maintain “Situational Awareness”
Develop Restoration Plan and execute Plan
Coordinate all actions with affected plant personnel and/or external utility operators
“Who’s getting the Pizzas?”
Proper use of guidelines and procedure verification will prevent repeated cascades or blackouts as restoration progresses…

34. QUESTIONS ….. ?