1. The Moon (Earth’s only Satellite)

2. Where did the moon come from?
The Moon was formed about 4.6 billion years ago when a Mars-sized planet (object) smashed into the early Earth and sprayed molten rock into orbit around the battered planet. It is thought these orbiting fragments slowly came together to form the Moon.

3. The Formation of the Moon

4. The Lunar Cycle
Have you ever wondered what causes the moon phases? We all know that its appearance changes over time. But why? The good way to understand the phases of the moon is to examine an earth-moon-sun diagram

5. The Lunar Cycle

6. The Lunar Diagram Explained
Sunlight is shown coming in from the right. The earth, of course, is at the center of the diagram. The moon is shown at 8 key stages during its revolution around the earth. The dotted line from the earth to the moon represents your line of sight when looking at the moon. To help you visualize how the moon would appear at that point in the cycle, you can look at the larger moon image. The moon phase name is shown alongside the image.

7. The New Moon
The New Moon occurs when the moon is positioned between the earth and sun. The three objects are in approximate alignment (why "approximate" is explained below). The entire illuminated portion of the moon is on the back side of the moon, the half that we cannot see.

8. Full Moon
At a full moon, the earth, moon, and sun are in approximate alignment, just as the new moon, but the moon is on the opposite side of the earth, so the entire sunlit part of the moon is facing us. The shadowed portion is entirely hidden from view.

9. First and Third Quarter
The first quarter and third quarter moons (both often called a "half moon"), happen when the moon is at a 90 degree angle with respect to the earth and sun. So we are seeing exactly half of the moon illuminated and half in shadow

10. Moon Phases (continued)
After the new moon, the sunlit portion is increasing, but less than half, so it is waxing crescent. After the first quarter, the sunlit portion is still increasing, but now it is more than half, so it is waxing gibbous. After the full moon (maximum illumination), the light continually decreases. So the waning gibbous phase occurs next. Following the third quarter is the waning crescent, which wanes until the light is completely gone -- a new moon

11. The Moons Orbit
The synodic period or lunation is exactly days. It's the time required for the moon to move to the same position (same phase) as seen by an observer on earth. If you were to view the moon cycling the earth from outside our solar system (the viewpoint of the stars), the time required is days, roughly two days less. This figure is called the sidereal period or orbital period

12. The Lunar Cycle (notice the moon moves counterclockwise as well

13. Lunar Eclipse
A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Moon and the Sun.
A lunar eclipse may be partial or total. A partial lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon skirts into the Earth's penumbral shadow. When the Moon is fully immersed in the umbra a total lunar eclipse occurs.
During a lunar eclipse, the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon, blocking the Sun’s light. We see the Earth’s shadow creep across the surface of the Moon.

14. The Lunar Eclipse
A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Moon and the Sun.

15. SOLAR ECLIPSES: WHY ECLIPSES HAPPEN
Solar eclipses happen when the Moon blocks the light from the Sun
During a total solar eclipse, the sky appears as dark as night, and you can see the Sun's glowing corona

16. A Total Solar Eclipse

17. How does this happen?
The above website is a good site to use to understand how a solar eclipse occurs.

18. The Lunar Phases