1. ‘_____ caused the Civil War’ Assess the validity of this view
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2. Different types of causation
Necessary Preconditions: Without these there would never have been a Civil War. They need to be in place before any of the other causes can make it more likely that a conflict will break out.
Developing Causes These causes made it more likely that the Civil War would break out, but they would have had no effect without the Necessary Preconditions.
Trigger Causes: This is what actually resulted in the Civil War breaking out. However, they could have no effect whatsoever without the previous two types of causes. In particular, the Developing Causes create the situation in which the trigger would immediately lead to conflict breaking out.

3. Different types of causation
Necessary Preconditions
Developing Causes
Trigger Causes
Slavery Election Fort Sumter Southern Political Leaders
Harper’s Ferry Actions of Lincoln Actions of Buchanan
Economic differences Growing Abolitionist feeling

4. Introductions
Definitions - generally good! TASK: Summarise the American Civil War in one sentence.
Criteria – evident but generally not convincing TASK: bullet point what would need to happen for a civil war to break out?
Judgement – too many missed out this element! TASK: What will you discuss in your paragraphs? TASK: what is your answer to YOUR question?

5. Main Body (paragraphs)
Almost all paragraphs had a clear point that was relevant to the question
Most paragraphs had evidence about the topic in question – some detailed, some general
The biggest issue was explaining whether these events caused the civil war, or not

6. Evidence
/10
Justification
Actions of Abraham Lincoln
Actions of James Buchanan
1860 Election
Southern Political Leaders
Fort Sumter

7. WHAT CAUSED THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR?
Actions of Abraham Lincoln
Actions of James Buchanan
WHAT CAUSED THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR?
1860 Election
Fort Sumter
Southern Political Leaders

8. Actions of Abraham Lincoln
Evidence
/10
Justification
Actions of Abraham Lincoln
Doesn’t go to the south in election trail
Unwilling to Compromise (Seward letter exception)
House divided speech (L-D Debates)
Fort Sumter (leadership issues)
Actions of James Buchanan
Dred Scott (awareness)
Lecompton Constitution (support slavery)
Failure to act
1860 Election
Democrats split (no national parties)
Lincoln doesn’t go to South
Not on ballot in 9 states
Election outcome (N-S) – Republican win
Southern Political Leaders
Davis at Fort Sumter
Secession (Lower South vs. Upper)
Refuse to accept Compromises
Overreaction to Lincoln
Fort Sumter
Unwillingness to compromise (context of weak leadership)
Lincoln’s call to arms & blockades
NY rally – hardening of attitudes
Upper South decide to seceed