1. NOTATIONS
FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING
DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.
OBJECT POINT A LINE AB
IT’S TOP VIEW a a b
IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’
IT’S SIDE VIEW a” a” b”

2. IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
2nd Quadrant VP
2nd Quad.
1ST Quad.
F.V.
1st Quadrant Y
Observer
X Y HP X
3rdQuadrant
Observer
3rd Quad.
4th Quad.
4th Quadrant
THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,
IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.

3. Convention: Horizontal plane is always rotated clockwise
POINT A IN
2ND QUADRANT
POINT A IN
1ST QUADRANT
Point A is
Placed In
different
quadrants
and it’s Fv & Tv
are brought in
same plane for
Observer to see
clearly.
Fv is visible as
it is a view on
VP. But as Tv
is a view on Hp,
it is rotated
downward 900,
In clockwise
Direction (in 1st quadrant).The
In front part of
Hp comes below
xy line.
The HP behind the Vp is also rotated clockwise, and therefore
comes above the xy line.
Observe and
note the
process. HP VP VP HP a’ A A a’ a
OBSERVER
OBSERVER a a HP VP HP VP
OBSERVER
OBSERVER a a’ A a’
POINT A IN
3RD QUADRANT A
POINT A IN
4TH QUADRANT
Convention: Horizontal plane is always rotated clockwise

4. PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN THE 4 QUADRANTSHP VP
POINT IN 1st QUADRANT PT PF VP HP VP P P PF PT HP
POINT IN 2nd QUADRANT
PT: TOP VIEW
PF: FRONT VIEW
POINT IN 3rd QUADRANT
POINT IN 4th QUADRANT PT HP HP HP VP HP VP PT PF P PF P VP VP

5. How you will draw on the sheetPF PF PT x y x y PT
POINT IN 2nd QUADRANT
POINT IN 1st QUADRANT PT x y x y
PT: TOP VIEW
PF: FRONT VIEW PT PF PF
POINT IN 3rd QUADRANT
POINT IN 4th QUADRANT

6. PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.
POINT A ABOVE HP
& INFRONT OF VP
POINT A ABOVE HP
& IN VP
POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP
For Tv
For Tv
For Tv A a’ a’ A
For Fv X Y X Y Y
For Fv a’ a a X a A
For Fv
ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.
Fv above xy,
Tv below xy.
Fv above xy,
Tv on xy.
Fv on xy,
Tv below xy. X Y a a’ VP HP X Y a’ VP HP a X Y a VP HP a’

7. Projection of lines, planes, solids
Line – consists of 2 points
Plane – consists of 3 or more points
Solid – consists of more than 3 points
Therefore in order to project lines, planes and solids, we need to project their corresponding points and join them

8. PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES.
AIM:- TO DRAW IT’S PROJECTIONS - FV & TV.
INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE:
IT’S LENGTH,
POSITION OF IT’S ENDS WITH HP & VP
IT’S INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP
SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE
A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & // TO VP)
LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.
LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.
LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP.
LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP.

9. V.P. A Line perpendicular to Hp & // to Vp V.P. A Line // to Hp &
Orthographic Pattern
For Tv
(Pictorial Presentation)
V.P. X Y
H.P.
V.P. a’ b’
a b Fv Tv
Note:
Fv is a vertical line
Showing True Length
&
Tv is a point. a’ b’ B A 1. FV
A Line
perpendicular
to Hp
&
// to Vp X Y
For Fv
a b TV
Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) X Y
V.P. X Y
H.P.
V.P. a b a’ b’ Fv Tv
Note:
Fv & Tv both are
// to xy
&
both show T. L.
For Tv 2. b’ a’
A Line
// to Hp
&
// to Vp
F.V. A B
For Fv b a
T.V.

10. True Length V.P. A Line inclined to Hp and parallel to Vp V.P.X Y
V.P. X Y
H.P.
V.P.
F.V.
T.V. a b a’ b’ 
Fv inclined to xy
Tv parallel to xy.
True Length 3. b’ a’
F.V.
A Line inclined to Hp
and
parallel to Vp
(Pictorial presentation) A B   b a
T.V.
Orthographic Projections
V.P.
Tv inclined to xy
Fv parallel to xy. X Y
H.P.
V.P. Ø a b a’ b’ Tv Fv 4.
A Line inclined to Vp
and
parallel to Hp
(Pictorial presentation) a’ b’
F.V. Ø B A Ø a b
T.V.
True Length

11. (Pictorial presentation)
For Fv
For Tv B A
For Tv X Y
V.P. a’ b’ a b  
F.V.
T.V.
V.P. 5.
A Line inclined to both
Hp and Vp
(Pictorial presentation) a’ b’
F.V. B A  X Y
On removal of object
i.e. Line AB
Fv as a image on Vp.
Tv as a image on Hp,
For Fv  a b
T.V. X Y  
H.P.
V.P. a b FV TV a’ b’
NOTE: a and b are NOT the true angles (inclinations) of the line with the planes
Orthographic Projections
Fv is seen on Vp clearly.
To see Tv clearly, HP is rotated 900 downwards,
Hence it comes below xy.
Note These Facts:-
Both Fv & Tv are inclined to xy.
(No view is parallel to xy)
Both Fv & Tv are reduced lengths.
(No view shows True Length)

12. PROJECTIONS OF PLANES A plane is a two-dimensional geometrical entity
It has length and width but no thickness
For practical purposes, a flat face of an object may be treated as a plane
A plane which has limited extent (has fixed shape) is termed as a lamina
Information usually given:
Shape of the plane
Inclination of it’s surface with one of the reference planes
Inclination of one of it’s edges with the other reference plane will be given

13. C A B CASE OF A RECTANGLE – OBSERVE AND NOTE ALL STEPS.
SURFACE PARALLEL TO HP
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION
SURFACE INCLINED TO HP
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION
ONE SMALL SIDE INCLINED TO VP
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION
For T.V.
For T.V.
For Tv
FV-1
FV-2
FV-3
For Fv
For F.V.
For F.V.
T V-1
T V-2
T V-3
ORTHOGRAPHIC
TV-True Shape
FV- Line // to xy
ORTHOGRAPHIC
FV- Inclined to XY
TV- Reduced Shape
ORTHOGRAPHIC
FV- Apparent Shape
TV-Previous Shape VP VP a’ d’ c’ b’ VP a’ d’ c’ b’ HP a1 b1 c1 d1
a1’
d1’
c1’
b1’ HP a b c d HP a1 b1 c1 d1 C A B

14. Center lines
Drawn to indicate the axis of cylindrical, conical or spherical objects or details.
Thin long chains composed of alternately long and short dashes.
Longer dashes are approximately 6 to 8 times the short dashes in length.
Center of a circular curve is indicated by a cross
made up of centerline chains.

15. DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
FOR T.V.
S.V.
F.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
FOR F.V.
FOR S.V. x y
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
TOP VIEW

16. 3rd. Angle projection
Top view
Front view
Right Side view

17. DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
FOR T.V.
S.V.
F.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
FOR F.V. X Y
FOR S.V.
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD