1. Project Management Techniques
Chapter 14
Project Management Techniques

2. Project Management
Project management is the discipline of organizing and managing resources in such a way that these resources deliver all the work required to complete a project within defined scope, time, and cost constraints.
A project is a temporary and one-time endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service. This property of being a temporary and a one-time undertaking contrasts with processes, or operations, which are permanent or semi-permanent ongoing functional work to create the same product or service over-and-over again. The management of these two systems is often very different and requires varying technical skills and philosophy, hence requiring the development of project management.

3. Challenges of Project Management
The first challenge of project management is ensuring that a project is delivered within the defined constraints.
The second, more ambitious, challenge is the optimized allocation and integration of the inputs needed to meet those pre-defined objectives.
The project, therefore, is a carefully selected set of activities chosen to use resources (time, money, people, materials, energy, space, provisions, communication, quality, risk, etc.) to meet the pre-defined objectives.

4. Estimation Techniques
The most difficult task in software development planning is to estimate the size of the end product, the resources that will be required, and the time required to complete the project.
Function Point Analysis (FPA) is a method of projecting size, while the Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) is a method of estimating resources and schedules.

5. Function Point Analysis
FPA is an ISO recognized method to measure the functional size of an information system. The functional size reflects the amount of functionality that is relevant to and recognized by the user in the business. It is independent of the technology used to implement the system.
The unit of measurement is "function points". So, FPA expresses the functional size of an information system in a number of function points (for example: the size of a system is 314 fp's).
The functional size may be used:
to budget application development or enhancement costs
to budget the annual maintenance costs of the application portfolio
to determine project productivity after completion of the project

6. COnstructive COst MOdel CoCoMo
CoCoMo is a model designed by Barry Boehm to give an estimate of the number of man-months it will take to develop a software product.
KDSI - thousand Delivered Source Instructions

7. Scheduling Techniques
Developed in the 1950’s
A graphical representation of the tasks necessary to complete a project
Visualizes the flow of tasks & relationships
Mathematical Analysis
Network Diagrams
PERT
CPM
GERT - Graphical evaluation and review techniques
Bar Charts
Milestone Chart
a.k.a. bar charts
Gantt Chart
AOA: Activity on Arrow
AON: Activity on Node
Primary objectives
Best time
Least cost
Least risk
Secondary objectives
Evaluation of schedule alternatives
Effective use of resources
Communications

8. Node Formats AOA consists of Circles representing Events
Such as ‘start’ or ‘end’ of a given task
Lines representing Tasks
Thing being done ‘Build UI’
a.k.a. Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM)
AON
Tasks on Nodes
Nodes can be circles or rectangles (usually latter)
Task information written on node
Arrows are dependencies between tasks
a.k.a. Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM)

9. Program Evaluation and Review Technique
PERT charts

10. Critical Path
This is the sequence of activities that must be completed on schedule for the entire project to be completed on schedule. It is the longest duration path through the workplan. If an activity on the critical path is delayed by one day, the entire project will be delayed by one day (unless another activity on the critical path can be accelerated by one day).

11. Bar Chart

12. Gantt Chart

13. Gantt chart

14. Project control

15. Project control - packages

16. Project control - monitoring

17. End of Chapter 14
Thank
You for Your
Attention