1. So far: evolution of biological molecules enclosed in a cell, way for nutrients to get into and out of cell while protecting cell, now- what are those nutrients? How are they used to run the cell.

2. Nutrients Required for Life
3. Energy source: from oxidation of reduced C molecules or sunlight
4. Carbon source: reduced C molecules (sugar) or oxidized
ones (CO2)
5. Electron acceptor: like oxygen (not always oxygen)
2. Nitrogen, phosphate and other inorganic compounds
1. Water 2 2

3. Nutrients Required for Life: Water
The unique structure of water molecules makes it:
Stick together (plants)
Tolerate heat
Excellent solvent
Stick together- allows water to move from roots to leaves
Specific heat: amount of heat required to raise temperature by 1 degree celcius, takes more heat to raise water
More heat to raise by 1 degree and more heat to change from lq to gas. Prevents water in cells from evaporating and allows organisms to dispose of excess heat by sweating off evaporated water.

4. Nutrients Required for Life: Inorganic Molecules
NITROGEN, PHOSPHATE AND OTHER INORGANIC MOLEC.
proteins
nucleic acids (RNA, DNA)

5. Nutrients Required for Life: Energy Source
The direct energy source of ALL cells in ALL organisms is ATP!
Ribose
Phosphate
groups
Adenine
Cells are dynamic- constantly creating, breaking down and
moving cellular components and this requires lots of energy
What kind of molecule does this remind you of?

6. Nutrients Required for Life: Energy Source
What Makes ATP a high energy molecule?
ATP
water
ADP
inorganic
phosphate
Energy
Hydrolysis Reaction:
Water breaks bond of the 3rd phosphate
Exergonic Reaction:
Releases energy

7. Nutrients Required for Life: Energy Source
Released energy used to fuel endergonic reactions
Polymerization of nucelotides to make DNA
Transcription (DNA to RNA)
Translation (RNA to amino acid chain)
Polymerization of amino acids to make proteins
Contraction of muscle cells
Transmission of nerve impulses

8. Nutrients Required for Life: Energy Source
The cleaved phosphate regulates cellular reactions
It binds amino acids on proteins  change in protein shape  (de)activation of proteins
For example:
Membrane proteins
Enzymes and substrates

9. Nutrients Required for Life: Energy Source
Conformation of enzymes and substrates must be exact for them to interact and result in a reaction
Enzyme cannot bind
its substrate in this form
Now, it can.

10. Nutrients Required for Life: Energy Source
Cells are good at making ATP, but do not always have a
reserve supply of ATP ready to be hydrolyzed whenever
the cells need energy
ATP is not very stable
An ATP molecule stable for about seconds
When a cell needs ATP, it needs to generate it
Ribose
Phosphate
groups
Adenine
How is ATP
generated?

11. 10,000,000 ATPs generated/min in each cell!!!
Nutrients Required for Life: Energy Source
To make ATP:
Essential
nutrient + +
Energy ?
ADP
phosphate
ATP
10,000,000 ATPs generated/min in each cell!!!
Where does the cell get all the energy to do that?

12. Nutrients Required for Life: Energy Source
Energy from bonds in highly reduced molecules (=sugar)
Eating some type of high energy carbon molecule like sugar: C6H12O6

13. Nutrients Required for Life: Energy Source
C6H12O6 is a reduced molecule
High energy stored as electrons in the many C-H bonds
Breaking those bonds releases the energy
BUT, those electrons have to go somewhere- to another molecule
This other molecule is called the “electron acceptor”
Sugar is the “electron donor”
This is what happens during
Cellular Respiration

14. Nutrients Required for Life: Energy Source
Energy from Reduced Carbon Molecules is released when they
Are broken down in the presence of oxygen (oxidized)
“Cellular Respiration”
ADP + Pi + energy  ATP
e- donor
e- acceptor
C6H12O O2 +
CO2 +
6 H20 +
energy
heat

16. Nutrients Required for Life
3. Energy source: from oxidation of reduced C molecules or sunlight
4. Carbon source: reduced C molecules (sugar) or oxidized
ones (CO2)
5. Electron acceptor: like oxygen (not always oxygen)
2. Nitrogen, phosphate and other inorganic compounds
1. Water     16 16

17. Nutrients Required for Life: Energy Source
Animals get their sugar from plants.
Plants use their own sugar for cell respiration
But, in order to make the sugar, they need another form of energy not required by animal cells
Generation of that reduced C molecule requires energy +
CO2 +
H2O
C6H12O6 + O2

18. Nutrients Required for Life
3. Energy source: from oxidation of reduced C molecules or sunlight
4. Carbon source: reduced C molecules (sugar) or oxidized
ones (CO2)
5. Electron acceptor: like oxygen (not always oxygen)
2. Nitrogen, phosphate and other inorganic compounds
1. Water      18 18

19. Nutrients Required for Life: Carbon Source
Aside from needing carbon molecules (sugar) to generate ATP,
also need to take in carbon from their environment to use as a
building block to make C-containing molecules (amino acids,
lipids, nucleotides)
Animals use reduced C molecules
(sugar) from plants for both their
energy molecule and C building block
What about plants? They don’t take in
Sugar from their environment so what
C molecule do they take in to use for
Building new C molecules including
Sugar made during photosynthesis?

20. Nutrients Required for Life
3. Energy source: from oxidation of reduced C molecules or sunlight
4. Carbon source: reduced C molecules (sugar) or oxidized
ones (CO2)
5. Electron acceptor: like oxygen (not always oxygen)
2. Nitrogen, phosphate and other inorganic compounds
1. Water        20 20

21. True or False
1. Plants use CO2 as their carbon source for building new C molecules AND
as their high energy molecule (that is used in cell respiration to generate ATP)
2. Plants use CO2 as their carbon source for building new C molecules and
sugar as their high energy molecule (used in cell respiration to generate ATP)
3. To build new carbon-containing molecules, plants and animals must take in
sugar by eating other organisms
4. Plants require sunlight in order to generate the high energy carbon molecule,
CO2
5. When the reduced carbon molecule, sugar, is broken down, the energy
released is used to make ATP from ADP and P
6. O2 is necessary b/c it donates its electrons to glucose during cell respiration
7. Both plants and animal cells require 2 forms of energy: sunlight and
reduced C molecules