1. Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life
Cells are the building blocks of all living things
Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
Slide 3.1
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2. Body Tissues Cells are specialized for particular functions Tissues
Groups of cells with similar structure and function
Four primary types
Epithelium
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscle
Slide 3.41
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3. Epithelial Tissue FUNCTIONS Protection Absorption Filtration Secretion
Excretion
Sensory receptiion
Forms layer over body & inner surfaces
Comes in 3 shapes – squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Comes in several patterns
Simple, stratified or pseudostratified, transitional,and glandular

4. Epithelial Tissues Found in many different areas of the body
Body coverings
Body linings
Glandular tissue
Slide 3.42
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5. Epithelium Characteristics
Cells fit closely together
Tissue layer always has one free surface (apical)
The lower surface is bound by a basement membrane (basal)
Avascular (have no blood supply)
Regenerate easily if well nourished
Slide 3.43
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

6. More Characteristics Specialized contact between cells
Tight junctions--no spaces (digestive tract)
Desmosomes—anchoring and stress bearing (skin)
Gap Junctions—spaces (smooth muscle)

7. Classification of Epithelium
Number of cell layers
Simple – one layer
Stratified – more than one layer
Figure 3.16a
Slide 3.44a
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8. Classification of Epithelium
Shape of cells
Squamous – flattened
Cuboidal – cube-shaped
Columnar – column-like
Figure 3.16b
Slide 3.44b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9. Simple Epithelium: Squamous
Single layer of flat cells
Usually forms membranes
Lines body cavities
Lines lungs and capillaries
Figure 3.17a
Slide 3.45
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

10. Squamous Cells

11. Simple Squamous Cells

12. Simple Epithelium: Cuboidal
Single layer of cube-like cells
Common in glands and their ducts
Excretory, secretory, or absorptive
Forms walls of kidney tubules
Covers the ovaries
Figure 3.17b
Slide 3.46
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

13. Simple Cuboidal

14. Simple Cuboidal Cells

15. Simple Epithelium: Columnar
Single layer of tall cells
May have cilia on apical surface
Often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus
Lines digestive tract
Figure 3.17c
Slide 3.47
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

16. Simple Columnar Cells

17. Simple Epithelium: Pseudostratified
Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others
Often looks like a double cell layer
Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract
May function in absorption or secretion
Figure 3.17d
Slide 3.48
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

18. Stratified Epithelium: Stratified
Squamous
Cells at the free edge are flattened
Found as a protective covering where friction is common
Locations
Skin
Mouth
Esophagus
Figure 3.17e
Slide 3.49
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

19. Stratified Cells / Skin / Most Common

20. Stratified Epithelium: Transitional
Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching
Lines organs of the urinary system
Bladder lining
Figure 3.17f
Slide 3.51
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21. Transitional Cells

22. Glandular Epithelium: Glands
SECRETE FLUIDS MADE BY THE CELLS
UNI OR MULTICELLULAR
Endocrine gland
Ductless
Secretions are HORMONES
Exocrine gland
Have ducts to the epithelial surface
Include sweat and oil glands
Slide 3.52
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

23. Secretions of Excretory Glands
Sebaceous = oil or sebum
Mucin = mucus
Serous = watery
Sudoriferous = sweat
Ceruminous = wax or cerumen
Ciliary = tears
Mammary = mother’s milk

24. EXOCRINE GLANDS

25. MEROCRINE
EXOCYTOSIS

26. HOLOCRINE
RUPTURE AND REGENERATE
SEBACEOUS GLANDS

27. Connective Tissue Loose – supports epithelium and many organs
Fibrous – found in tendons (connects muscles to bones), ligaments (connect bones to other bones at joints)
Cartilage & bone – rigid connective tissues in which structural proteins or calcium salts are deposited in the intercellular matrix
Blood – cells are separated by a liquid portion called plasma

28. Structural Substances of Connective Tissue
Ground Substance
Fibers
Collagen (white fibers)
Elastic Fibers (yellow fibers)
Reticular Fibers
Cells
Fibroblasts - Others
Chondroblasts WBCs
Hematopoietic stem cells Plasma cells
Osteoblast Mast cells
Macrophages

29. Areolar Connective Tissue Loose connective tissue presence in lungs, arteries and bladder allows organs to expand

30. Adipose Tissue (loose connective tissue) “Fat” Cells

31. Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Have collagen fibers as its main matrix
Between collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts (fiber forming cells.)
Tendons secure muscle to bone
Ligaments secure one bone to another
Also makes up lower layers of skin

32. Bone calcium salts give bone rigidity protein fibers provide elasticity and strength

33. Bones Sometimes calledOsseous tissue
Bone cells sit in cavities called lacunnae
Bone cells are surrounded by very hard matrix of fibers and calcium salts.

35. Cartilage is retained at the ends of long bones at the end of the nose in framework of ear within walls of respiratory ducts within intervertebral disks

36. Blood erythrocytes(carry oxygen in HgB) & leukocytes (aid in fighting infections)

37. Blood Smear

38. Muscle Tissue Composed of cells called muscle fibers
Contain actin and myosin filaments whose interactions accounts for movements
3 Types
* Skeletal
* Cardiac
* Smooth

39. Skeletal Muscle attached via tendons to bones Moves body parts
Skeletal Muscle attached via tendons to bones Moves body parts. Fibers are cylindrical & long nuclei are located at the periphery of the fiber & are striated

40. Cardiac Muscle found only in wall of the heart responsible for the heartbeat fibers have striations single centrally located nucleus fibers are branched

41. Smooth Muscles fibers lack striations spindle shaped fibers form layers nuclei form an irregular pattern in tissue found in walls of viscera –intestine, stomach, blood vessels

42. Nervous Tissue Contain nerve cells called neurons
Found in brain & spinal cord
Neuron has 3 parts
1. Dendrites –conducts impulses to cell body
2. Cell body-contains major concentration of cytoplasm and nucleus
3. Axon-conducts impulses away from the cell body

43. Nerve Tissue long axons & dendrites called nerve fibers bound by connective tissue to form nerves.